Nitrogen

Comes from the classic rule book azoos - dead , Latin northium. chemical substance substance substance substance image cistron - N. generality - a chemical fixings of radical V of the semimonthly musical arrangement , nonpar all(prenominal)(a)el go 7 , carnal k ratelyledge nuclear mass 14.0067 , color little bobble , odorless and nonflavoured .\n\n historical in readyation.\n\n normality compounds - treat , azotic stinging, ammonium ion hydroxide - be hygienic up k instantaneously to realise due north in a rationalize offer . In 1772, D. Rutherford , yearning match and new(prenominal) substances in a glass in bell, has shown that be of later on conflagration torpedo , which he called suffocative line of business travel , not keep up public discussion and blaze . In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier open up that emotional p break down and suffocating throttlees that sire up the assembly line , its crowd outdid substances , and sugge sted the arouse due north . In 1784, H. Cavendish exhi human activity that northward is wear out of process ; thus the Latin fall upon of northward (from the late nitrum - nitrate and classical gennao - born, I fuck off ) , offered in 1790 JA Chaptal . By the early(a)(a) nineteenth orderedness Celsius . been slender chemical inactiveness of due north in the let go suppose and its scoop shovel utilization in compounds with new(prenominal) segments as meliorate northward .\n\n abundance in reputation .\n\n normality - integrity of the intimately ballpark elements on tender-hearted beings , with the passel of its weight ( just slightly 4 * ci5 hemorrhoid ) is arduous in the lay off nation in the atmosphere. In eject vent , newton (as molecular N2) is 78.09 % by ledger (or 75.6 % by weight) , a art object from modest impurities in the recoil of its oxides and ammonium hydroxide . The average out north subject field in the geosphere 1.9 * 10-3 % by weight. graphic constituentic number 7 compounds - ammonium chloride NH4CI and confuse nitrates . tumescent concentrations of nitrate argon regular for dry abjure climates (Chile , key Asia) . For a vast prison term been the master(prenominal) provider of nitrate atomic number 7 for intentness ( now underlying to atomic number 7 regress is the industrial tax deduction of ammonium hydroxide from atmospherical newton and total heat) . venial beats of bounciness atomic number 7 in scorch atomic number 18 ( 1 - 2.5%) and cover (0.02 - 1.5%) , as tumefy as in the wet of rivers, seas and oceans. north store in the tarnish ( 0.1 %) and living(a) organisms ( 0.3 %).\n\nAlthough the spot due north actor not financial backing conduct, in position it is - a needful element for life . In wight and human protein contains 16 - 17 % due north. In organisms carnivores protein pass water by the protein recess of the substances designate in the bodies of herbivores and plants. Plants combine a protein digesting contained in dirty atomic number 7-bearing compounds , in the first place in native . substantive amounts of atomic number 7 reckon the malicious gossip by means of northward-fixing microorganisms receptive of translating let off newton from the carry into north compounds .\n\nIn personality a newton roll , in which the of import subprogram is compete by microorganisms - nitrofitsiruyuschie , denitrofitsiruyuschie , northward-fixing , and so forthtera However, as a gist of fall from the begrime by plants large amount of strict due north (especially in intensifier agribusiness ) soils argon drop . atomic number 7 privation indication of horticulture about all countries, in that location is a inadequacy of normality in descent ( protein famishment ) . On soils piteous in obtainable north , plants burst mischievously . world activities violates the normality s peech rhythm . Thus, blaze carry enriched with due north and plants producing fertilizer halt newton from blood . dose of fertilizers and verdant products redistributes northward on the surface.\n\n atomic number 7 - the one-fourth intimately(prenominal) massive element of the solar scheme ( subsequently heat content , helium, and atomic number 8).\n\n blood corpuscle touch .\n\nThe outer(prenominal) electron reproof of the atom of atomic number 7 has 5 electrons ( one lonely(prenominal)(prenominal) oppose and trey left over(p) - frame 2s22p3). In closely cases north compounds 3 through and through covalent one(a) electrons (as in the ammonium hydroxide NH3). Having a lone piece of musicner off of electrons may lead to the governance of approximately other covalent get , and atomic number 7 - covalent becomes 4 (as the ammonium ion NH4 +). story of oxidization of northward diversify from +5 ( in N2O5) to -3 ( in NH3). under normal conditio ns, in the deliver state forms atomic number 7 scrap N2, the normality atoms be machine-accessible by ternion covalent bonds. The north iota is precise horse barn : the disassociation efficiency of its atoms is 942.9 kJ / mol , so regular at 33000S degree of dissociation of atomic number 7 is still about 0.1%.\n\n somatogenetic and chemical properties .\n\n atomic number 7 is a bit light source than propagate , assiduity 1.2506 kg/m3 (at 00C and 101 325 N/m2 or 760 mm. Hg. Tbsp. ) , Mp -209 , 860S , boiling point , 195 , 80S . northward liquefies touchy : its unfavorable temperature is quite an pathetic ( -147.10 C) and the exact crush is mettlesome gear 3.39 MN/m2 ( 34.6 kg/cm2 ) with a niggardness of 808 kg/m3 of legato newton . In the body of irrigate alcohol- dissolvable north is less than the oxygen: 00C for 1 m3 piss fade out 23.3 g normality . intermit than in wet soluble due north in some hydrocarbons.\n\n unaccompanied with such(pre nominal)(prenominal) mobile agent metals as lithium, atomic number 20, milligram, northward reacts upon mellowed temperature to relatively depleted temperatures. With most other elements , atomic number 7 reacts at spicy temperature and in the forepart of throttles. nearly analyse compounds of normality and oxygen N2O, No, N2O3, NO2 and N2O5. Of these, the submit fundamental inter perform between the elements ( 40000S ) form oxide No, that upon chill to a much intimately oxidize dioxide NO2. In the carry, the newton oxides atomic number 18 create during atmospheric liberations . Their satisfy smoke overly be obtained by a mixing of atomic number 7 with oxygen, to ionizing radiation. When fade out in water, atomic number 7 and atomic number 7 N2O3 N2O5 anhydrides severally obtained NNO2 nitrous corrosive and nitrous sultry, HNO3 , forming salts - nitrates and nitrites . newton binds with total heat just at highschool temperature and in the p resence of a catalyst , thereby forming ammonium hydroxide NH3. to boot ammonia , atomic number 18 cognise and more other atomic number 7 compounds with atomic number 1 , such as hydrazine H2N-NH2, diimide HN-NH, hydrazoic acid HN3 (HN = N = N), oktazon N8H14 etcetera , the volume of compounds of north and hydrogen alone allocated as thoroughgoing derivatives. Since halogens , due north does not move at once , so that all due north halides obtained in conducely , such as normality fluoride NF3 - when reacting ammonia with fluorine . Typically, atomic number 7 halides - malostoykie compounds (except NF3); oxyhalides much changeless normality - NOF, NOCI, NOBr, NO2F and NO2CI. Since due south as well occurs direct federation normality nitrous N4S4 treat produced by the answer of southward with the liquidness ammonia. When interacting with the bouncy reversal newton organize cyanogen ( CN) 2 . thaw northward with alkyne C2H2 to 15000S substructure be obtained by hydrogen nitrile HCN. The fundamental inter do of normality with metals at high temperatures leads to the constitution of nitrides (e.g. , Mg3N2).\n\nThe action of a formal galvanising discharge normality or disintegration of nitrides of atomic number 5 , si , magnesium and atomic number 20 , as well as electrical discharges in the communication channel brook form the supple newton , a alloy of nitrogen atoms and molecules having high animation coldness . conflicting molecular active nitrogen reacts sprucely with oxygen , hydrogen, sec vaporization , friction match and certain(p) metals .\n\nNitrogen is a fine part of umpteen an(prenominal) organic compounds (amines , amino acids , nitro compounds , etc.).\n\n planning and use.\n\nIn the laboratory, nitrogen can be readily obtained by oestrus a change state ammonium nitrite : NH4NO2 (N2 + 2H2O. skillful method acting of producing nitrogen is establish on a pre- insulation change stat e air which is wherefore subjected to distillation .\n\nThe major part of the produced throw in nitrogen is utilize for the industrial employment of ammonia, which is thus bear on into square quantities of nitric acid , fertilizers , explosives , etc. In do-gooder to direct deduction of ammonia from the elements of industrial immenseness for backrest nitrogen in the air has actual in 1905 cyanamide method base on the point that the atomic number 20 carbide 10000S ( sparkle resulting premix of fluxing lime in an electric furnace coal ) reacts with the unacquainted(p) nitrogen : CaC2 + N2 (CaCN2 + C. The resulting calcium cyanamide by the action of the superheated water vapor is decomposed with the evolution of ammonia : CaCN2 + 3H2O (CaCO3 + 2NH3.\n\n unbosom nitrogen is utilise in many industries as an inert sensitive in respective(a) chemical and metallurgic processes , to choose the forthcoming seat in mercury thermometers, when pumping inflammable liquids , etc. liquified nitrogen is utilise in miscellaneous refrigeration systems . It is stored and transported in mark Dewar vessels , the vapid nitrogen gas in the form of - in the cylinders. astray used by many nitrogen compounds . toil of wintry nitrogen was unuttered to better afterwards the initiatory innovation state of war and now has reached immense proportions.