Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Epidemiology - Essay Example The professionals in this field rely on biostatistics, biology, disciplines of social science, and assessment of exposure. Epidemiologists involve themselves in study design, data collection, statistical analysis of the data collected, and interpretation of the results, as well as the distribution of the results. This dissemination can be done in systematic reviews, which are occasional, and peer reviewed articles. It helps to inform institutions on policy decisions and medicine that is evidence based via the identification of disease risk factors and preventive medicine targets. This paper aims to take two case studies and address how epidemiology was concerned with efforts to describe, explain, predict, and control the examples. Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis and has been known for more than a few thousand years (Preston, 2002). The causative organism was first described in the 1850s and was used as poof by Koch of Henle’s postulates. The first anthrax vaccines were developed by Toussiant and Greenfield, and the public demonstration was handled by Louis Pasteur in the year 1881 (Preston, 2002). The two vaccines exist in both human and animal form. Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive, spore forming, capsulated rod and survives by killing other cells. Its spores can survive for decades in the environment. Its pathogenicity depends on the pX01 and the pX02 plasmids, and it has two key strains. Strain A is found all over the world, while strain B is limited essentially to the southern part of Africa (Preston, 2002). Anthrax acts on the body cells by releasing toxins (Preston, 2002). PA or protective antigen binds itself to the receptor of the host cell, after which furin cleaves off and lets PA20 go free. PA83 undergoes heptamer formation with the enzymes acting as toxin binding to PA63. It is internalized into the cell via endocytosis that is receptor mediated. Acidification of this endosome is causes there to be

Marketing DB Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing DB - Coursework Example The reason to move ahead is indeed the atmosphere that one is talking about here. The shopping experience at a retail store becomes more satisfying when the aura and aromas get manifested in the most proper sense. This means that this experience gets better if the aura and aromas are highlighted in a positive fashion – one that suggests immense room for a better retail experience for the end consumer. If the consumers are given a smell that they would like to feel good about, they will definitely visit this retail store (Frazier, 1996). Similarly, if they are welcomed by an activity which is indeed a hallmark of the retail chain, they shall do every effort to be there and thus finish their joyride as well as accomplish their shopping mission. The need is to understand what the consumers want and how they are going to achieve what they have in mind. This suggests that the retail experience needs to be defined and later on re-defined to have a cumulative stance so that the consumers are always at a benefit. The vertical management system is a channel arrangement where one of the channel members might own some of the others and bring upon them its influence which is available in the wake of better power that comes from bargain, contracts and other requirements. The implications and opportunities of this VMS channel arrangement for my company is that it will aim to better the relationships that exist amongst the channel members and allow them to grow beyond the expected returns. This will enable the channel members to bring their best to the fore and give the best price in terms of bargains and so on. Eventually the consumers’ shopping experiences would become better and they will get the best deals and discounts which are available within the related industry. The retail format that is most appropriate for my company since it is CAD and based on a computer is an online model. This will bring immense

Final Paper Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Paper Outline - Assignment Example t actively listen to each other, then you cannot prevent future problems that you could avert by listening and identifying each other’s needs (Fedesco, 2015, pg. 103). People often feel frustrated when they feel the other party is not listening to their needs. Secondly, you must develop and maintain self-concept in your relationship. Self-concept defines a person’s perception and understanding of their being as a self. This is essential because it shapes a person’s behavior and ability to handle stress in a relationship, and determines emotional behavior (Ahmad, Ghazali, Hassan, 2011, pg. 24). It enable one know what they want, and what they deserve in a relationship. In the end, it affects the quality of a couple’s relationship because emotions determine the level of attachment and understanding between the two of you. Thirdly, you must understand emotional intelligence and its role in effective interpersonal relationships. Emotions can easily destroy interpersonal relationships between couples. Emotional intelligence involves such factors as devotion, perseverance, and self-control (Hsieh, Wang, Fan, and Huang, 2014, pg. 133). A high level of emotional intelligence allows a person to accept and emphasize with a partner, and avoid emotional outburst that may not define their true character. Fourthly, there is a need for self-disclosure in your relationship. It is necessary for partners to reveal personal information in order to improve their communication process (Sprecher and Hendrick, 2004, pg. 858). It encourages, love, satisfaction and responsiveness in a relationship. Even so, self-disclosure should be at a certain level that does not hinder the normal functioning of the relationship. Finally, you must learn strategies to manage interpersonal conflicts. Conflict is an unavoidable in any marriage, despite the level of understanding that you fashion. Interpersonal conflicts arise when one infringes on the rights and space of another, especially in

Starbucks Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Marketing Strategy Essay Starbucks developed an advantage over its competitors by engaging in partnerships with stores such as Safeway, Barnes Noble where they open cafes to serve their coffee and sell their products. They improved their brand awareness by licensing its brand name on different food products such as ice cream and bottled Frapuccinos 2. What were the principal drivers behind Starbucks’ success in the marketplace? What does the Starbucks brand mean to consumers? How have the growth opportunities pursued that Starbuck has pursued affected the value of its brand name? One of the drivers behind Starbucks’ success is their store locations. The company only open stores in centralized cities in highly visible regions. Stores are always spacious with room for customers to hang out and drink their coffee. They also have great merchandise items such as coffee beverages, whole bean coffee by the pound, pastries, sandwiches, etc†¦ A big part is Starbucks’ success is their employees. Their baristas are trained to customize each drink and to explain the origin of different coffees. There are treated like partners, and trained to provide the best customer service and to deal with customer complains on the spot. The Starbucks brand means consistency and predictability to consumers. It is a promise to great coffee and great experience. Starbucks’ extensive product line strategy of creating a variety of products beyond just coffee beans was a big growth opportunity, as well as their partnerships that allowed them to expand their brand by selling ready to drink coffee, flavored ice cream and branded coffee now in supermarkets. They also have joint venture agreements in 15 countries. 3. What are the major challenges facing Starbucks as it goes global? Is the brand advantage sustainable going forward? Can Starbucks defend its position against other specialty coffee retailers? Competition is always a challenge when expanding a business overseas, as well as their lack of experience in the international market. Global expansion also means being operated by local partners and therefore making less money. However, I do believe their brand is sustainable. Starbucks is the market pioneer, which gives them major advantage against their competitors. To defend their position, Starbucks should never impose their western preferences in their international markets and continue to adapt their products to the local markets.

The Philosophies Within Macbeth

The Philosophies Within Macbeth The play Macbeth is a historically popular play, with many different themes such iambic pentameter, equivocation, prophetic fallacy, imagery and tones. The statement fair is foul, and foul is fair will be discussed and analysed to see how it is reflected throughout the play. As well as Implicit and explicit meanings will be discussed about characters and objects, to see how they contrast with the statement. Then evaluating the structure, language and style of how the play is written, allowing opinions to be given and supported by evidence. Shakespeare begins the play with the introduction of the witches. They can only be described as ambiguous creatures and questionably human. They create an image of mystery and evil: they will meet When the battle is lost and won (1:1:4), a weird and contradicting statement which resembles their personalities and values. The witches express their evil with their chant and the final couplet, Fair is foul, and foul is fair (1:1:9), this statement violates Gods natural order, because good is bad and bad is good. The witches also give the image of evil by the way they dress and act. They are dressed in black robes and constantly circling each other as they talk and speak in weird rhymes and tones; also the sky is always dark and thunderous when they are present, which is the theme pathetic fallacy. Pathetic fallacy means the attributes of human emotions or characteristics relate to nature. Therefore the thunder and lightning that occur when the witches appear symbolizes they are evil, scary and violent. This runs throughout the play using light and the weather to contrast feelings and emotions of characters, the mood of the moment, as light being seen as fair and the dark being seen as foul. Scene 2 evaporates the shadowy world of the witches from scene one to a physical and masculine world of honour and strength, its travelled from foul to fair. Macbeth doesnt become visible yet, however the Captain and Ross begin describing and personifying him: Disdaining fortune (1:2:17), which means unafraid of his own safety, Valours minion (1:2:19); this gives him the image of a respectable and epic hero; he is a fair warrior. At this point in the play Macbeth is completely in control of himself, a well regarded man and metaphorically a walking God as he is described as, Bellonas bridegroom (1:2:56), a fit husband for the roman Goddess of war. Macbeth and his loyal friend Banquo who is also a highly respectable man encounter the witches. Macbeth states just before they come across the witches, So foul and fair a day I have not seen (1:3:36), this statement echos the witches. Macbeth is stating the weather that its one of those days where fog is followed by sunshine, then a thunderstorm and some hail and more sunshine, all use of prophetic fallacy to create and weird and unsettling image. When the witches are seen, Banquo questions their look, That look not like thinhabitaints othearth and yet are ont? (1:3:39-40), clearly Banquo notices the appearance of the witches, he knows that something weird is happening and cant trust what they say, therefore the feeling from Banquo is pessimistic of the witches and also he acknowledges things not being what they seem. The witches predict to Macbeth and Banquo the future, divulging in information that will turn Macbeth from Fair to Foul. Macbeth is more intrigued, even though Banquo warns Macbeth by saying, instruments of darkness (1:3:123), Macbeth ignores the warning from his friend and is still ambitious on finding more information. Macbeth is beginning to act foul as he is selfish and demands more from the witches. By using dramatic irony the audience knows that these witches are plotting something evil, which can only lead to a disaster. Whereas Banquo is fair knowing the witches are untrustworthy, however he still wants to know their predictions, which is important to his fate, because he also knows the predictions. As the witchs prophecies are told, it is revealed that Macbeth will be thane of Cawdor and King, Macbeth is shocked by this news. Banquo begins by saying, why do you start and seem to fear things that do sound fair?'(1:3:50), the use of fair means good, he is saying to Macbeth, wh y be fearful of these predictions? Maybe Macbeth isnt fearful of these predictions but perhaps already plotting to become king. But Banquo is unhappy that he has not been spoken about, he quizzes the witches, Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear (1:3:58), when the witches tell Banquo his sons will be king, there is no impression of him being happy with this, instead he says insane root (1:3:82), which means that they have taken something to make them go insane and doesnt believe that what happened is real. The biblical reference here is that Banquo says, What? Can the devil speak true? the witches are being compared to the worst thing possible the devil who is at the bottom of the chain of being; this is giving the real image of how equivocating the witches are, misleading and liars. This statement is also a realization that their predictions are becoming real. A soliloquy is monologue spoken from a character that is alone on stage. The character reveals their inner thoughts and feelings to the audience. It is a useful theme, to understand what the character is thinking. Macbeths Soliloquy begins, Two truths are told (1:3:126), Macbeth has become thane of Cawdor, and is now thinking on how to become king, even with the thought of murder expressed by saying, horrid image (1:3:133), and horrible imaginations (1:3:137) suggest he is thinking of something horrible and possibly murdering Duncan. The soliloquy is powerful, as now we know what he is thinking and feeling, its dramatic irony, as Banquo doesnt know what he is thinking, which creates tension. Macbeth says, Cannot be ill, cannot be good (1:3:130), ill is foul and good is fair Macbeth has acknowledged something unnatural is occurring but because he has, earnest of success, (1:3:131) he is enjoying his new found status and wants more. Banquo, is a smart character, he is suspicious about Macbeth, thou hast it now, king Cawdor, Glamis, all, as the weird women promised, and I fear thou playedst most foully fort'(3:1:1-3), Banquo has acknowledged the foul of Macbeths action, however the fair is, But that myself should be the root and father of many kings'(3:1:5-6), he allows the witches prophecies to be correct in thinking his sons will be king, which shows he is affected by the witches, but in turn this is good, fair as Macbeths sons will not be king. However this is also the time where Banquo is fearful of his own safety knowing he maybe a target as Macbeth could try to kill him and Fleance, Banquos son, to stop him from being king. Macbeth writes a letter to Lady Macbeth which is represented as prose. Shakespeare used prose for the lower status characters such as murderers and servants; however he wasnt afraid to break the rule in letting important characters use it. The letter is entirely appropriate seeing as it is interesting and concise. The letter itself shows love and trust between the relationship of lady Macbeth and Macbeth, Macbeth shows this by saying, my dearest love (1:5:56) and my dearest partner of greatest (1:5:9-10) this shows that Macbeth trusts and loves her. Although it is never mentioned lady Macbeth showing love for Macbeth. I believe that Shakespeare didnt include this, because it would make her look weak. Macbeth is unsure on whether he wants to murder Duncan, she begins plotting straight away; this immediately shows her foul side. Macbeth says I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent (1:7:25-26) which shows his doubts. Lady Macduff has to convince him to do it, by doing so she beco mes almost greater than man or even witch like , Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear (1,5:24-5) the word spirit is reflective of the witches. She insults Macbeths man hood by calling him a, coward (1:7:43), and beast (1:7:47), these comments, are the worst a man could be called by his wife, this would make him feel humiliated. Macbeth, I dare do all that may become man (1:7:46), as he loves her, he wants to be a man for her. Lady Macbeth also says, how tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out (1:7:55-56), This is a massive commitment and promise she is giving to Macbeth, she is so ambitious for Macbeth to kill Duncan shell go to the extent of killing her own baby. This statement is a powerful statement, it questions lady Macbeths humanity and sanity, however she does go on to say, had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet (2:3:13), wh en she was being bought up she would have seen her father as a God figure, this is evidence that shows she is fair. Another moment of humanity and of Fair, Macduff encounters her as a, Gentle lady (2:3:77) therefore she is known as a good wife and is gentle, Macduff believes she cant handle the news of murder, which is ironic as she had a part to play in his murder. Is Lady Macbeth greedy or ambitious for Macbeth? Does she want to become queen or does she want him to succeed? I believe that deep down they are both greedy and ambitious, however because Macbeth has become Thane of Cawdor and is a true warrior, he should not progress to try and be king as he is not king material. And I also believe that lady Macbeth wants to be queen so she is forcing Macbeth to kill Duncan out of greed, as I believe she is the type of character which strives for power and people to respect and love her, and by coming queen this is how she can get this power, although it is not said. Duncan is a great and well respected character he also introduces the fair and foul theme, when he talks about the treachery of the Thane of Cawdor, what he hath lost, noble Macbeth has won. (1:2:67) he states that the foul in losing and the fair in wining. The castle where Duncan is killed is described by himself as, This castle hath a pleasant seat; the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself unto our gentle senses this is ironic as it is where he will die. The castle looks fair pretty, welcoming but its a foul place because Duncan and the two guards were killed. Also Banquos death was plotted in the castle. Before the murder of Duncan, Banquo Struggles to sleep and has reminiscence that something is wrong, this could be the affect of the evil witches on him, when he asks Fleance, How goes the night? (2:1:1) Fleance replies The moon is down; I have not heard the clock (2:1:2). The use of prophetic fallacy is implied to compare the moon to whatever is going on the moon has no part of the evil happenings. Also the imagery when Banquo says, their candles are all out (2:1:5), the metaphor of the light has implied that darkness can only mean evil, and the light symbolizes heaven such as God and angels who will not view what is about the happen. The murder of Duncan, Macbeth sees the image of a knife floating in front of him, its almost he is under a spell being forced to murder Duncan. When Macbeth has murdered Duncan he instantly starts to panic and loses all sense of reality because of the vast crime he has committed in killing a king, who is a god figure to him. He completely transforms straight away, earlier in the play he says jump the life too come (1:7:7). But now the word Amen (1:7:7) cannot said because he has ultimately killed God, They pluck out mine eyes. Will all great Neptunes oceans was this blood clean from my hand? No (2:3:62-63) Gods oceans will not clean him, which suggest a total state of damnation. This makes him unrecognizable to any one, this is where he has become a man without a soul, a lost man and a foul man, when Macbeth kills Duncan the natural order is altered. The porter mentions hell-gate (2:3:1-2) when there is a knocking at the gate of the castle, this becomes a reality it has become a castle of deception, fear, distrust, and the castle is hell. The finding of Duncans body, Lady Macbeth faints on hearing the news, this is where her witch and masculine role beings to recess she slowly starts becoming insane, sleep walking, this a result in her paying for her foul crimes. I believe the fainting suggests its the death of her role. Macbeth becomes king however Macduff doesnt attend his ceremony, this is where I believe Macduff has suspicions of Macbeth, he says suborned (2:4:24) which means bribed, however he knows that Macbeth killed the guards, therefore begins to wonder what really happened. Macbeth gets compared as a the devil himself could not pronounce a title more hateful to mine ear (5:7:8) by young Siward, suggesting there is hell and foul to wherever Macbeth is. Lady Macduff and Lady Macbeth both run off the stage screaming when their deaths occur, although not seen. The even hand of justice is being applied because lady Macduff was brutally murdered along with her son, she is shown as being murdered foully, however the fact that Macduff who is away getting reinforcements to get rid of Macbeth, which is a good and fair. Lady Macbeth who kills herself, people are glad she has done so because of the evil and foul that she conducted in her part in plotting Duncans death, so its giving the impression its fair and a balanced is restored. By representing everything natural is good, by using the Burnham wood, which is moving, it gives the impression its cleansing and replenishing fair reality of nature is cleansing the evil foul which is Macbeth. The final scene brings retribution to Macbeth, Macduff challenges his manhood just like lady Macbeth, which encourages Macbeth to carry on fighting, but he dies courageously, this suggest that Macbeth has returned to his Fair heroic status. The tone during the battle scene is that of a happy ending but yet a tragedy recognised by Macbeth. During the battle Macbeth is in his comfort zone, being a warrior and fighting, yet I will try the last (5:9:71) he has become what he once was at the beginning. He has travelled from fair to foul and foul to fair which is the witches prophecy. During the battle scene, he analysis the witches as juggling fiends (7:6:58) knowing they were the reason he did what he did. However he was warned by Banquo but chose not to listen so will pay for it. When Macduff kills Macbeth the natural order is restored. The theme appearance versus reality, things not being what they seem, human necessarys and luxuries such as food and sleep is a constant theme throughout the play. Macbeth, sleep no more: Macbeth does murder sleep, innocent sleep (2:2:38-9) this is his punishment for his crime a living death, without peace or the ability to rest and sleep. Macbeth becomes jealous of Duncan, in restless ecstasy. Duncan is in his grave resting, after lifes fitful fever, he sleeps well (3:2:23-4), Macbeth who is become increasingly insane as time progresses, this is where I believe Macbeth is debating on whether to kill himself and taking the cowardly way out. Macbeth is foul, for his crime and Duncan is resting, fair. Then the contrast of food, being an important way of keeping fit and strong, Macbeth says, ere we eat our meal in fear (3:2:17), because of the murders he has committed evil and chaos is seeping into his life not letting him live peacefully and enjoying the much needed ideals. Lady Macbet h and Macbeth plot Duncans death during Duncans feast, but plan to murder him during his sleep. Later in the play Macbeth breaks down during a feast as he sees the ghost of Banquo which again disturbs Macbeth from consuming food. Macbeth has realized his crime, he is paying for it, he becomes dependent on his wife to clear the feast, Shakespeare suggest foul and fair with the imagery of food, because Macbeth has committed such a foul crime he is denied the fair of a good diet. The imagery of blood runs through the play, Lady Macbeth says, make thick my blood (1:5:40) her blood is a natural function of the body, and naturally feeds a mans capacity for compassion, things she wishes stops. Also rich imagery of clothes misfitting Macbeth, borrowed robes (1:3:126) strange garments (1:3:145) giving the significance that clothing is powerful and has a hidden meaning, the clothes dont fit Macbeth suggesting that he should not be in them or have the position the clothes represent, such as the crown, which is too big for his head, meaning it should not be there as it is too big, which makes Macbeth look ridiculous. This creates an image of concealment or disguise, as Macbeth begins to hide behind his clothes of kingship. Iambic pentameter is the structure of how Shakespeare chose to write the play. It is poetry that doesnt rhyme and tends to have ten syllables a line. The rhythm of the line comes from the fact that usually every second syllable is emphasised. Its usually the most important words that get stressed such as nouns, names, verbs and actions. This gives the key ideas more prominence and the meanings more power. An example of this is where Macbeth ask, if we should fail (1:7:60) lady Macbeth says, we fail? which could be spoken in many different tones, if spoken flatly suggest what will be will be, but if said loudly and emphasised might sound sarcastic and shock. This theme is also flexible, as some lines only contain four or five syllables, so it is given a space to make up for the time. For example; Macbeth: Two truths are told, As happy prologues to the swelling act (1:3:126-127). The space is left, so the character knows to wait, to keep up with the beat. It is also used to whatever ever mood Shakespeare is trying to capture in the character. Iambic pentameter relates to foul and fair because when the witches speak they are being speaking quickly because of the syllables, gives the impression of scary and evil. The theme equivocation which means, concealing the truth, the intention to mislead and also it creates an image of conflict using words such as fair and foul. As well as using words with double meanings. Its a powerful theme that creates tension, suspense and emotions. Shakespeares uses it all through the play, Lady Macbeth during the speech to Macbeth, about killing Duncan, has many equivocating words such, business (1:6:66) is a double meaning for murder, dispatch (1:6:66) is also another term for murder, she uses these words to not scare Macbeth with direct words as she is unsure on how he would react. To conclude this discussion I believe that foul and fair is strict role throughout the play, where there is foul there is fair, a constant balance of god and bad. Shakespeare used many themes to create imagery and suspense. I believe that Macbeths character was suited to stay as a warrior and not to climax any further, by doing so he suffered for it. Lady Macbeth who remained evil throughout was however a good and strong wife, although suffered for her witch like manner. Macduff is the good guy, although leaving his family alone who got brutally murdered, became the good guy for killing Macbeth.

Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 | Evaluation

Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 | Evaluation The Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 was enacted  as a response to criticism of the Compulsory Purchase system in England and Wales. Identify the key issues  of statute and analyse the likely reaction to the legislation. Introduction The Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 represents the first new Planning Act in over a decade and took in excess of eighteen months for the negotiation of its passage in the Palace of Westminster as well as special dispensation to enable the Act to be carried from one session of Parliament to the next. The Compulsory Purchase system that was in force in England and Wales that it overhauls is in keeping with reforms under the United Kingdom’s Sustainable Communities programme which was enacted to reverse the tide of empty and abandoned properties throughout the region as a result of the mass migration of the middle and upper middle class to suburban communities (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005). In essence, the Compulsory Purchase system is what is termed in the United States as the law of eminent domain, compulsory acquisition in Australia, or expropriation in Canada as well as South Africa and represents the government’s authority to appropriate property, priva tely held, for its utilization in keeping with programs or reasons that represent the good of the general public (European Convention on Human Rights, 1950). As part of the United Kingdom’s far reaching ‘Sustainable Communities’ programme, which was launched by the Deputy Prime Minister on 5 February 2003, the Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 has been enacted to introduce more efficiency as well as speed and simplicity into local, regional and the U.K. government’s ability to work under as well as with the interlocking communities plans that include these three levels government cooperation and interaction (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005). The legal term ‘compulsory purchase’ is an adaptation of ‘eminent domain’ which was derived from a legal treatise that was written by Huo Grotius in 1625 (Chen, 2003) and represents the means via which government can acquire real property that is required for the completion of a public project that is seen as beneficial for the public in general and where the owner of said property has been or is unwilling to negotiate the terms for the sal e. It is important to understand that the power of ‘compulsory purchase’ under English law is derived from real property. The truth is that private property ownership is not absolute but rather that a governmental authority grants what is termed a ‘fee simple’, which is an allodial title that is reserved for government. Under this, the landowner assumes the right to own property within that government’s borders as a result of the payment of taxation and the powers of compulsory purchase, police power and escheat (thepaperadvantage.com. 2005). The preceding is part of the feudal system whereby the holder of the land, termed ‘estate’, could not sell said land but rather was entitled to grant subordinate ‘fee simple’ estate rights to other parties in a system that was known as subinfueddation. Blackstone (Cousin, 1910) explains that in the instance of land under English law, fee simple conveys that it, land, can be transferred and held, owned, by whomever the original holder so pleases. The present system of property ownership evolved from this foundation and thus the government’s power to re-acquire land under compulsory purchase, or eminent domain, has thus been and is an established facet of law. The Compulsory Purchase system that existed in England and Wales operated under a structure whereby local authorities, without a linkage to regional or national planning forums, made the planning policies for their areas and as such a broader and more encompassing system for the integration of these plans into a coherent regional and national policy did not exist. The new Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 has been designed to streamline the planning process through a system that is more centralized thus replacing the local development plans and the corresponding delays and red tape which developers and landowners faced (Brand, 1968). The aforementioned flight of the middle and upper middle class to suburban developments has created a crisis throughout England and Wales whereby older communities now lack the middle and upper income tax base that was sustaining community services. In addition, a real housing shortage has and does exist throughout the country. It is estimated that there are approximately 220,000 to 230,000 new households entering the economy on a yearly basis (English House Condition Survey, 2003) and that there are just 170,000, estimated, new homes being built. The resulting high demand and low supply has created an imbalance in the housing market and driven the cost of home ownership out of the range of young adults thus creating an economic situation whereby older home owners of limited income find that their properties no longer have equity value as a result of the deteriorated neighborhoods caused by suburban flight. This imbalance has created a serious lack of affordable housing, thus resulti ng in the United Kingdom’s sweeping Sustainable Communities plan (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005). The developers state that the imbalance has been and is a result of the red tape involved in obtaining planning approvals from local authorities, which is countered by claims from consumer groups such as the Campaign for the Protection of Rural England that state developers and landowners have been hoarding land in an effort to drive up prices. The overall affect of the preceding, regardless of final blame, has been a severe economic condition that has crippled the UK’s housing market, driven down house prices in older neighborhoods and created an abandoned house situation whereby the mortgage costs of older homes exceeds their market value. This is the economic climate that has fostered the development of the Planning and Compulsory Act 2004, and the ramification of it with respect to the Compulsory Purchase system it replaces shall be examined herein from the context of criticisms leveled at the latter. The preceding summary of the economic and governmental aspects which prompted the adoption of the Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 have been undertaken to provide the background information necessary by which to understand the underlying developments which led to the enactment and passage of the Act. The Act seeks to eliminate the delay bottlenecks and red tape encountered through a redesign of the structure of the planning system from the local level onto the national level as called for under the Sustainable Communities initiative (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005). It replaces the planning policies made by local authorities with one that considers the ramifications and effects of varied building and development programs on a national basis. Under the old structure County Councils implement the preparation of planning policies as contained in structure plans, and these are further refined at the District Council level which forms the plans for the are development (planning sanity.com). The Act abolishes the Regional Planning Guidance and Structure Plans and replaces them with Regional Spatial Strategies that thus forms the basis for new plan development (Brand, 1968). The Regional Spatial Strategies under the new system will be prepared via appointed Regional Planning Bodies and will have some assistance from the existing County Councils. As the proceeding has raised concerns over accountability, a process of public consultation with respect to the Regional Spatial Councils shall be provided at examinations (uk-legislation, 2004). The new framework also eliminates local plans which now will fall under the auspices of Local Development Documents that are overseen and prepared by District Councils. Given the massive restructuring involved, the Act has a period of three years in which these transitions will be made. The preceding broad summary of the overall process contains the following improvements, modifications and changes that the Act introduces: Broad Scale Act Overview The Act has been designed to create a more flexible as well as responsive system for the planning of building programs in England and Wales, as is summarized as follows (uk-legislation, 2004): Provides for a streamlined, simpler and more flexible system at the local and regional level; provides for increased community involvement at the local and regional levels and includes the provision for financial assistance with respect to Planning Aid; Introduces powers for application forms that thus improve control over the developmental process as well as new provisions changing the length of time it takes for planning permissions. It also permits local planning authorities to bring up development rights in the local development orders; Introduces speed to the administrative handling of large infrastructure projects through the process of concurrent rather than consecutive hearings; Removes the immunity that the English Crown had in the planning process; Proves a system whereby the compulsory purchase plan is fairer, faster and easier to understand and work within on regeneration as well as major infrastructure projects. Part 1 and 2 of the Act Under these provisions of the Act a change in the way developmental plan making is conducted in the United Kingdom abolishes the cumbersome Compulsory Purchase system in the following manner(s) (uk-legislation, 2004): Under the new Act each region will have its own spatial strategy. In those instances where it is feasible as well as relevant, the existing regional planning guidance agency shall become the new regional spatial strategy unit. The regional spatial strategy units will be kept under review by the Regional Planning Bodies to monitor their implementation and as an oversight contingency. The Regional Planning Bodies must prepare a written draft of the revised Regional Spatial Strategy when such is expedient or required. The important manner of housing numbers and allocations will be arrived at in the foregoing level and where appropriate in sub-regional plans. The Regional Planning Bodies will take advice from county councils as well as other bodies that have expertise on strategic planning to aid in the planning of revisions of plans and drafts of the Regional Spatial Strategy agencies. The foregoing brings local and specialized expertise into the planning structure and provides monitoring of actions to ensure that the developed plans are in the best interests of all concerned. And most importantly, the public will be involved in the preparation of Regional Spatial Strategies. These changes from the Compulsory Purchase system spread out the planning expertise in a manner whereby there are cross checks and balances in the new system as well as expedient processing that is responsible to a higher level thus ensuring compliance. The multi faceted nature of the preceding has been streamlined into a system that processes planning rather than bogs it down and as a result removes the incidence of special interests steam rolling plans through given the public involvement as well as review by the Regional Planning Bodies. The Act does call for some changes in England that are not a part of the Wales plan with regard to the local plan regime below the Regional Spatial Strategy level. The following summarizes these modifications and changes (uk-legislation, 2004): The Local Planning Authorities will now prepare the Local Development Documents which will now replace all local plans, as well as unitary development and structure plans The Local Planning Authorities will now prepare as well as be responsible to maintain the local development scheme, and win the absence of a District Council, the County Councils shall prepare as well as maintain the mineral and waste development plans. The County Councils under this new arrangement will lose structure plans however they do participate in the preparation of the Local development Documents as well as related aspects other than comprising mineral or waste as a result of being part of a joint committee under the Local Planning Authorities. The Local Development Plans will be in conformity with the Regional Spatial Strategy, or with the RSS for London. Part 3 of the Act (uk-legislation, 2004) Under this provision, the definition of the development plan is updated and takes account of the modification and changes that are made to the planning system as a result of the Act. The foregoing includes the requirement whereby it is the duty of plan makers to perform their functions in consort with the overall objective of adding to the attainment and achievement of sustainable development. Part 4 of the Act This segment of the Act provides for a series of developmental control measures, one of which permits the Local Planning Authorities to introduce permitted development rights on a local level through local development orders. Development orders as well as regulations will be made by the Secretary of State through detailing the procedures entailed in making applications with respect to permission and consents. In addition, the Secretary of State will have the power to determine fees and charges along with the setting of timetables for what are termed ‘call-ins’ as well as ‘recovered appeals’. Part 4 also contains new provisions entailing the simplification of planning zones (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 5 of the Act This segment of the Act permits the Secretary of State as well as planning inspectors to make corrections concerning errors found in decision letters as well as in decision documents (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 6 of the Act Part 6 makes reforms to the Welsh development system plan (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 7 of the Act This part of the Act ends the Crown Immunity with respect to the planning system and contains a special provision concerning specific planning applications made by as well as on behalf of the Crown (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 8 of the Act The reform of the existing regime is contained in this part of the Act whereby it details the new plan to make it easier for Local Planning Authorities, the National Park authorities and joint planning boards to submit a case for Cop’s in terms of an economic, environmental or social benefit to the area in question. This segment of the Act also broadens the categories regarding individuals with an interest in the land who can bring forward objections. And finally, this part of the Act covers compensation and ownership issues (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 9 of the Act The last segment of the Act contains general issues. Given the sweeping nature of the Act, it is impossible to gauge the potential reaction to what still is in some aspects a work in progress. The preceding statement is made as a result of the amendment of some measures which occurred during the process of approving the original Act. These changes included retaining of the planning permissions as the development industry was not pleased with losing that aspect of control as well as the dropping of the Statements of Development Principles. The modifications also included strengthening the segments regarding sustainable development as a result of the view that saw the Act leaning too strongly in favor of landowners and developers. In addition, other changes included the amendment of provision concerning major infrastructure provisions whereby it is required to submit an economic impact report. The other major change was to allow for the inclusion of temporary stop notices and the provision to provide for appeals with respect to second no tices (uk-legislation, 2004). Conclusion The new legislation provides for more influence on the part of County Councils as a result of modifications contained in Part 4 as well as the regional public participation segment. The broader inclusion of the public in the process is likely to be received positively this segment, however since the Act was designed with developers and landowners in mind the question of whether the new system will effectively see to the broad mandates of the Deputy Prime Minister’s Sustainable Communities plan must be first put to the test of time. There is no question that a streamlined as well as modernized system was needed as well as required to overhaul the process that had been in place. The overall housing shortage situation has become a national priority and the Deputy Prime Minister’s Sustainable Communities plan is a long term legislation aimed at correcting the procedural as well as economic conditions which have led to the high prices housing segment and deterioration of inn er cities. There will undoubtedly be other modifications and changes to the Act as practical use uncovers minor shortcomings whereby certain aspects were unforeseen or accounted for. There already has been what can be termed reaction to the new legislation as evidenced by the preceding and the fact that the system is now more flexible as well as responsive helps to minimize potential dissatisfaction of any provisions as they can be amended when warranted. The inclusion of the foregoing minimizes the potential for any long term negative reaction as each segment with a stake in the process has a means to see modifications or potential modifications are heard. Bibliography Brand, Clive, M. 1968. Encyclopaedia of Compulsory Purchase and Compensation. Sweet Maxwell. ISBN: 0421007508 Chen, Wei. 2003. On the Law of War and Peace (De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Translation of the Latin works of Hugo Grotius. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/8098/ Cousion, John. 1910. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. J.M. Dent Sons, London, The United Kingdom English House Condition Survey. 2003. English House Condition Survey: Review of Survey Design. National Center for Social Research. London, The United Kingdom European Convention on Human Rights. 1950. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocol No. 11. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. 2005. The Communities Plan. http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1139868 Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. 2005. Sustainable Communities. http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1139865 Plannngsanity.com. 2003. Compulsory Purchase Forum. http://www.planningsanity.co.uk/forums/cp/compurch.htm Thepaperadvantage.com.2005 Allodial Title. http://www.paperadvantage.org/allodial.html Uklegislation.com. 2004. Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. http://www.uk-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/20040005.htm

How Weather Conditions Affect Health and Well-Being in Singapore Essay

How Weather Conditions Affects Health and Well-Being Singapore is an island lying north of the Equator. Because it lies in the tropics, it receives sufficient sunlight, has mostly uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity and abundant rainfall. Singapore’s climate can be categorized into two main monsoon seasons. During the Northeast Monsoon season, from December to early March, northeast winds prevail. It is cloudy with frequent afternoon rain in the early part of this season. From late March to May, winds and showers are present mostly during afternoon and early evening. The Southwest Monsoon season, from June to September, has more isolated showers in the late morning and early afternoon. From October to November, winds and breezes prevail, with showers and thunder in the late afternoon and early evening. The temperature in Singapore ranges from 31 deg C at maximum and 24 at minimum. The pressure fluctuates between 1012 and 1005hPa, average being 1009hPa. Relative humidity drops from the high 90’s in the early morning to 60% in the mid-afternoon. Average humidity is 84%. There is no distinct wet or dry season in Singapore. Maximum rainfall occurs in December and April while drier months include February and July. Sunlight is also present as Singapore lies near the Equator. Some health conditions can be affected by weather conditions such as pregnancy, arthritis, Fibromyalgia Syndrome, fatigue, muscle pain, migraines, sinus headaches, multiple Sclerosis, loss of coordination or balance and Raynaud's phenomenon, where blood flow to fingers are disrupted and asthma. During pregnancy, weather conditions like temperature and humidity changes lead to fluctuation in barometric pressure. This is dangerous as a sudden... ...one on how tropical weather affects health as little data could be found online. There should also be more research done on how warmer weather can affect health and well-being. Pregnant people may be affected by sudden changes in barometric pressure. As a sudden drop of air pressure outside equals an increase of air pressure inside, the pressure increase can trigger labour. Hence hospitals should stabilize the air pressure to prevent this. Due to the change in time zone of Singapore, natural circadian rhythms are affected and people may feel energetic in the late night and lethargic during the early morning. This is because the time zone is not synchronized with the natural time as Singapore’s time zone was synchronized with Beijing. This moved time forward and thus affected the natural circadian rhythm. Hence time should be shifted back to its original state.