Operations Management at Bajaj

Markets Motorcycles: Overall Two-wheeler sales of Indian players is dominated by the domestic market and, within it, by motorcycles. After growing at a sharp clip from the late 1990s, motorcycle sales witnessed a 7. 8% drop in volume in 2007-08, due to falling domestic demand as a result of rising interest rates and many private sector banks reducing their retail lending exposures. 2008-09 saw a modest increase in motorcycle sales of 4%, driven largely by growth in cash sales. Even so, sales of motorcycles (both domestic and exports) in 2008-09 has been lower than what it was in 2006-07, before the slowdown hit this sector. ABOUT BAJAJ:- The group comprises of 34 companies and was founded in the year 1926. The group's flagship company, Bajaj Auto, is ranked as the world's fourth largest two- and three- wheeler manufacturer and the Bajaj brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. Founded in 1926, at the height of India's movement for independence from the British, the group has an illustrious history. The integrity, dedication, resourcefulness and determination to succeed which are characteristic of the group today, are often traced back to its birth during those days of relentless devotion to a common cause. Motorcycles : Domestic Sales for Bajaj Auto The company classifies motorcycles into three segments, based on consumer categories and approximate price points. These are: a) Entry segment. These are typically 100 cc motorcycles at a price point in the neighbourhood of Rs. 35,000. Bajaj AutoDespite the slight uptick in the industry’s sales volume, Bajaj Auto did not maintain volume growth, for reasons that will be discussed below. From 1. 66 million motorcycles in 2007-08, the company’s domestic sales fell by 23% to 1. 28 million units in 2008-09. Some of this was compensated by a 31% increase in exports to 631,383 units. But it was not enough. Consequently, Bajaj Auto’s market share(domestic and exports, combined) fell from 32. 7% in 2007-08 to 28% in 2008-09. b) Executive segment. This largely comprises 100 cc to 135 cc motorcycles, priced between Rs. 40,000 to Rs. 50,000. We arein this segment with two brands: XCD and Discover. c) Performance segment. These are sleek, high performance, with price points in excess of Rs. 50,000. We are present here with our flagship brand, the Pulsar, and our cruiser, the Avenger. We dominate this space, with a domestic market share in excess of 47%. Using the three-fold classification described above, Chart plots Bajaj Auto’s domestic sales of motorcycles over 2008-09. [pic] Products Avenger Avenger 200 DTS-i Pulsar Pulsar 135 DTS-i Pulsar 220 DTS-i Pulsar 180 DTS-i Pulsar 150 DTS-i Discover Discover 135 DTS-i Discover DTS-i Platina Platina 125 Platina 100 cc NINJA Ninja 250 R Operations Plants Bajaj Auto’s vehicle manufacturing capacity stands at 3. 96 million units — comprising 3. 6 million two-wheelers and 360,000 three-wheelers. The newest plant at Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) has a capacity to produce 900,000 two-wheelers. Table gives the capacity data. [pic] Pantnagar Bajaj Auto’s production at its state-of-the-art Pantnagar plant (Uttarakhand) has been on the rise. In 2007-08, the plant produced 276,925 motorcycles. This increased by 15% to 318,321 vehicles in 2008-09. By end-2008-09, Pantnagar was producing some 40,000 motorcycles per month. To maximise the tax benefits available at Uttarakhand, the company is shifting some of its more profitable products to the Pantnagar plant. After the shift of these products, the plant is expected to produce around 60,000 vehicles by the third quarter of 2009-10. Table gives the data on which products are manufactured in what plant. pic] MAJOR SUPPIERS |SUPPLIERS |PARTS | |USHA |PISTONS,RINGS | |ROLON |CHAIN,CHAIN SPROCKET | |ENDURANCE |FORKS,SHOCKERS,RIMS,ALLOY-WHEELS | |PRICOL |METER CONSOLE |MINDA |LOCKS ,HORNS,SWITCHES | |LUMAX |LAMPS | |SUNDARAM |FASTENERS | |KBX |DISK BRAKE PADS | |BOSCH |SPARK PLUGS | |EXIDE |BATTERIES | |MRF |TYRES | Supply Chain Bajaj Auto’s supply chai n encompasses the process from vendors to the final customers via manufacturing. Therefore, the Company’s supply chain involves as much the vendors and the procurement-to-payment logistics, as it does the manufacturing to selling process, or the order to cash system. Given below are some of the key supply chain initiatives of Bajaj Auto. Vendors Most of the Company’s vendor initiatives, including the Pantnagar operations and TPM have been discussed earlier. What needs to be emphasised is that the 16 vendors clustered within the campus of Bajaj Auto’s Pantnagar plant were a part of a planned process of project development – where the vendors were fully integrated with the plant, starting with basic raw materials, automated paint, plating and powder coating plants. This has ensured that the maximum possible value addition is done within Uttarakhand, so as to maximise the tax advantage and make Bajaj Auto’s motorcycles even more cost competitive. Initial facilities created by vendors at Pantnagar at an aggregate investment of Rs. 5 billion (Rs. 500 crore) are for half million motorcycles per year, which will be increased with balancing investments to roduce one million motorcycles per year to synchronise with the Company’s plans. Dealers Bajaj Auto has adopted a channel policy approach which is unique in the automobile industry. This policy and its linked initiatives are guided by the requirements of specific se ts of the Company’s final customers. 1. The Primary Channel : This comprises 408 exclusive two-wheeler dealers, 75 exclusive three-wheeler dealers, and 98 dealers who deal in both product categories. Bajaj Auto has followed a policy of systematic network consolidation, in which the primary dealerships have been given a larger scale and scope to operate based on their strengths. 2. The Secondary Channel : Much of Bajaj Auto’s recent success can be attributed to policy of rapidly adding to the number of secondary outlets, which provide sales, service and spares support in the vast hinterland of India. These are in the form of 1,500 Authorised Service Centres (ASC), 4,500 Rural Service Outlets (RSO), and 750 Young Engineer Service (YES) centres in the towns and cities. 3. The Rural India Foray : The Company has been aggressively pursuing initiatives to increase two-wheeler penetration in rural India. A large number of rural outlets were added to the network during the year, which not only increased hinterland sales but also gave additional employment in the rural sector. 4. Pro-biking : This initiative sits far away from the rural India play but is no less important. Bajaj Auto believes that young India doesn’t pay to buy motorcycles; it pays to buy excitement and exhilaration. The Pro-biking initiative, which was kicked off with the inauguration of first store in Pune in August 2005, aims precisely at creating this thrill. Owned and operated by Bajaj Auto, Pro-biking showrooms are now operational in Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad. ———————– AUTOMOBILE – BAJAJ Assignment on Operations Management Prasad T. P. FN-105 Mahesh R. FK-1895 Jijo Lukose FN-77 Deepu P. FK-1905 Abinash Nanda FK-2010 Anoop B. FK-2005 Manu Korah Mathew Athul Raj Vyshakh P. R. FK-1919 Balaji Vinay Singh FK-1883 PRasad

Phil 235 Paternalism Essay

Paternalism in the Medical Profession Philosophy 235 EC: Biomedical Ethics â€Å"The only appropriate and realistic model of the Dr.? patient relationship is paternalism. Doctors are the medical experts; most patients have little, if any, reliable medical knowledge; implicit trust in one’s physician is essential to the healing process; and doctors have the responsibility for our health and therefore have the duty to make all the important medical decisions. † Critically assess that claim. The issue of doctor patient relationships has become more and more prevalent in our world today.It is hard to draw a clear line in deciding what the appropriate roles are of both the patient and the medical professional. The claim that the paternalistic model is the appropriate and most realistic model will be argued in this paper. This model states that the doctor is the one in complete control, making all decisions on behalf of the patient, and the patient grants the doctor this resp onsibility, obeying any orders. In this model, patients act as children, who are ignorant and unknowledgeable, and doctors act as parents, not only guiding the child in the right direction, but also, actually telling them what to do.Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health? Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? This model will be argued in this paper in order to critically assess whether it should be dominant in our present society. â€Å"The traditional view held by physicians themselves was that the physician is the captain of the ship, and that the patient has to follow orders. † This view has only been strongly believed since the 19th and 20th century, when medical professionals were granted almost complete control over all decision making by their patients.Before that time, going to see a doctor was perceived as a last resort, and many would ignore their doctor’s advice altoget her. Over time, this view has shifted and society began to believe that physicians â€Å"knew best, and therefore had not only the right but also the duty to make the decision. † Today, less and less citizens are continuing to agree with this point of view, and instead other doctor patient relationship models have emerged and been identified by Robert Veatch: the engineering model, the priestly model, the collegial, and the contractual model.The three alternative models to the priestly (paternalistic) model have emerged from a more contemporary perspective. The engineering model states that the relationship between the two parties would be nothing more than the doctor simply presenting the patient with the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Any decision as to which route to take is left entirely up to the patient. As the textbook explains, the doctor is nothing more than an â€Å"applied scientist†, or a â€Å"plumber without any moral integrity†, sinc e ethics and values do not come into play in this relationship.Although I do not entirely agree with this model, the responsibility is lifted off of the physician, and the patient is given freedom to decide. This would follow the argument of self-determination, as said by Dr. Ornstein. This is the belief that all people who are competent should be the ones in control of determining their own fate. Society has not always believed or relied on medical professionals. In fact â€Å"until well into the nineteenth century, the physician was seen as a figure of last resort. † They were deemed useless and even harmful.With this in mind, I wonder why in our day and age, we would rely even more on physicians than we did in the past? Today, we have the privilege of finding out almost anything we need to know within minutes via the Internet, and that is why sometimes, it is the patient that knows more than his own doctor. It is important that patients assume some level of responsibility for their own health, instead of relying on doctors, and the engineering model would display that type of behavior. That is another reason why I oppose the claim that paternalism is the ideal relationship between doctor and patient.Another alternative model identified by Robert Veatch, is the collegial model. This theory emphasizes that both parties are connected through common goals and interests, and that each acts as an independent equal. This model would suggest that the parties work together, and therefore the responsibility is divided equally amongst the patient and physician. There is collaboration here, engaging in activities, which are satisfying to both, and demonstrating an adult-adult relationship, because no one party has greater control over the other.This model goes hand in hand with the partnership model, which expresses that health care professionals and their patients act as partners or colleagues in the pursuit of the shared value of health. There is mutual partic ipation in this model, which demonstrates that, unlike the paternalistic model, the patient can help come to a medical decision. This model stresses, â€Å"the patient uses expert help to realize his ends. † This expert help can come in many forms, and as I have previously mentioned, today society is exposed to numerous modes of gathering any type of information that is of interest.It is of course obvious that the physician has a stronger medical background and is more competent in that field, but that does not diminish the participation or contribution of the patient. With that being said, it is my opinion that the paternalistic model has clearly outgrown our culture, when there are models such as the partnership or collegial model, which are more in sync with our world today. Finally, the third alternative to the paternalistic model is the contractual model.This model is similar to paternalism, in that it questions the assumptions of equality, however it differs in that the re is a â€Å"contract† between both parties, leaving each with their own dignity and moral authority. What is crucial about this model is that it does not neglect the fact that there is an obvious difference in the degree of knowledge between the patient and the physician. Instead of focusing on that discrepancy, the model concentrates on the agreement between the two parties to exchange goods and services and the enforcement of that by government sanctions.In other words, this model compromises between partnership and the reality of medical care, and according to Veatch, is the only realistic way to share all responsibility, while protecting various parties in health care. For example, both parties are freely entering this contract, and therefore are both given the right to leave it, given proper notice. However, while partaking in the contract, there are duties and obligations of each, which may neglect virtues of benevolence, care and compassion, which we do see stressed in other models.Leaving aside the three alternatives to the paternalistic model, there are several other arguments, which come to surface, when critically assessing the above-mentioned claim. The first is that doctors must act like parents because patients know much less than doctors do. This emphasizes the idea that the doctor patient relationship should be one of paternalism. This argument takes into account two different prototypes. The first is the parent-infant relationship, where the parent is the doctor, taking on an active role and the infant is the patient, taking on a passive role.In this case the patient is extremely dependent on the medical professional. The second is the parent-adolescent child relationship, where the physician guides the patient in the right direction, and the patient co-operates to the degree of obeying. Both suggest that the patient has no responsibility, and that the duty and obligation of all decisions rest on the shoulders of the physician. This p roposes that patients are ignorant and unknowledgeable and given the opportunity to make their own decision, they would not be able to.It is likely that doctors know more than the average member of society, however, this is not to say that they are infallible, mistakes can happen. As Professor Ornstein has stated, we cannot choose our fathers, but we can choose our doctors, and in my opinion there is no connection where the two should be related. If a patient feels they should seek out a second, third or fourth opinion, that is their own right. Unlike the ability to seek out a second, third or fourth father. We do not have this option.It is possible and even probable that doctors will differ in their views, and each may guide their patient down a different path. Although a relationship between a physician and a patient should be based on a degree of trust and loyalty, if there is any sort of uncertainty, patients should not feel the pressure of following a path they do not believe i n. Getting another opinion is not disloyal or disrespectful; it is a patient’s right. Additionally, today more patients recognize that it is unfair for doctors to take complete responsibility for our welfare, as we are exposed to so much free medical information.It is my opinion that it is the patient’s duty to also act responsible for his or her own welfare. Another argument that I have come across to oppose this claim is that doctors may be experts in medical matters but there may be other factors to take into account, such as ethical issues, when making a decision. Each doctor has taken an oath, to save lives. This is their main concern, and their main goal for each patient. One must wonder, whether or not this is always ethical. As Professor Ornstein has suggested, do we save someone who as a result must live the rest of his or her life in agonizing pain?Or do we relieve them of that pain, and simply allow them to pass away? This is an ethical issue where many doct ors may have opposing points of view, and may decide that their job would be to save the patient. That would be a paternalistic instinct however; medical decisions should not be purely medical all the time. There are always other factors to consider such as the medical conditions of the patient, their preferences, the quality of life and the socio economic conditions. Each, of course, is given a weight dependent on the specifics and circumstances of the case.In the case of a patient who is experiencing excruciating pain, the doctor may come to the conclusion that the best option would be to remedy that pain with medication. It is important to note, that this paternalistic act is ignoring all ethical issues and only taking medicine into account. Opposing this notion would be to consider how this medication might cloud the patient’s judgment, or recognizing the patient’s preferences prior to formulating a medical decision. Doctors might be experts in medical matters, but the other factors, which are necessary to take into consideration, deem the paternalistic view inadequate.A final argument against the paternalistic view is that physician-patient interactions are negotiations. Viewing the interactions as negotiations, is in itself opposing paternalism because the patient is given some level of autonomy to take part in the decision making process. The goal is to reach a mutual agreement. In order to do so, there are certain steps that must be followed. Firstly, the negotiation should involve adequate disclosures by both parties. This is necessary, so that values and objectives are clear, and a fair negotiation can take place. Secondly, the negotiation should be voluntary, meaning uncoerced.Neither party should feel threatened while entering into the negotiation process. And finally, the solution should be one of mutual acceptance. Of course there are occasions where negotiation is not possible, and that would be for example in the case of an emerge ncy, when the physician needs to save the patient without negotiating beforehand. In that case, the medical professional may act in a paternalistic way, however if there is a competent patient, negotiation is possible and can often be characterized in terms of any of the above-mentioned models (parent-child, friends, partners, etc. ).The aspect that the relationship is seen as a negotiation counters the paternalistic view, in that the patient is given choice. If the patient chooses to give up his autonomy, and lay his destiny in the hands of his physician, that is his preference, unlike the paternalistic model, where that is not a choice, but the only way. The paternalistic model is not the only realistic relationship between doctor and patient. â€Å"As a normative model, paternalism tends to concentrate on care rather than respect, patients’ needs rather than their rights, and physicians’ discretion rather than patients’ autonomy or self determination. As I h ave mentioned previously, there are many other factors that must always be taken into consideration when dealing with a patient. Autonomy, self-determination, and respect, are surely incredibly important when dealing with a patient, and paternalism ignores those factors. The above-mentioned arguments, and alternative relationship models, clearly oppose the claim that paternalism is the only appropriate relationship. As I had asked the questions: Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health?Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? I believe the answer to both questions is quite clear, that the responsibility should be shared, and the patient, if capable, should take part in the decision making process. That being said, paternalism is not the most appropriate model and no one relationship trumps another. Instead, all must be taken into account depending on circumstance.

Failing Public Education In America Education Essay

The American public instruction system is neglecting on the international graduated table. This is no longer the sentiment of merely a few people ; it is being proved clip and clip once more over the old ages by many bureaus describing upon academic accomplishment of pupils worldwide. In this essay, I will back up my claim that the instruction system presently in topographic point is unequal, and that there are many successful theoretical accounts that could be followed in order to reform our system, and accomplish success internationally. Some of the most successful school systems in the universe, such as those in South Korea or Finland, have immensely different patterns from schools in the United States, in things such as length of school twelvemonth and makings required for pedagogues, and the success from these patterns is much greater relatively. I enjoy larning and I succeeded in the public schooling system, but I can candidly impute about all of that success to personal motive. Of class over the old ages I had a few phenomenal instructors, unluckily, they were immensely outnumbered by instructors who did n't care about the success of their pupils in the least spot. I had instructors like Ms. Leighton and Mrs. Friedman, who inspired me to work harder than of all time before and are my motive to go a instructor. On the other terminal of the spectrum, I had instructors like Mrs. Phillips, who believed the schoolroom was her public forum for touting her spiritual beliefs and dedication upon an waxy group of kids, as opposed to learning English, or Mr. Connell, whose category consisted of nil at all related to Geometry. He would speak his cell phone and topographic point commands for points on EBay, while the pupils were left to their ain devices. I can retrieve from a really immature age that I was actively engaged in school. I loved everything about school, the societal interaction, the new experiences, and particularly the acquisition of cognition. I was non matched in enthusiasm by any of my fellow pupils until the 2nd class. That was when I met Daye. Daye ‘s household had moved here from South Korea merely a couple hebdomads before the school twelvemonth started. Daye completed her work rapidly and expeditiously, and managed to be personable with the instructor and her fellow pupils, even though she was non talking her native linguistic communication. I can candidly state, for a seven twelvemonth old, she was more dedicated to her instruction than any individual I have of all time met, even to this twenty-four hours. Even though I was really immature at the clip, this was the first clip I had of all time felt challenged academically. I was self-motivated to maintain gait with Daye, chiefly because I refused to be 2n d best. And despite the fact that she challenged me, or possibly because of it, she became my best friend. Her household moved off the following twelvemonth, and we did n't maintain in touch. Possibly holding a pen buddy was excessively dashing a undertaking for eight twelvemonth olds, even for childs every bit motivated as us. As I furthered in my instruction beyond simple school, I started to detect a difference in my instructors. The older I got, the less interested they seemed in their occupations. Of class a few instructors were still involved with their pupils, and challenged them to work harder than accomplishing at the course of study ‘s low criterions, but the remainder merely acted as though instruction was merely a manner to pay the measures, and nil else. In the 6th class, I clearly remember one of my instructors, upon being told by a pupil that they could non read, she merely shrugged and walked off. I was smart and a good pupil ; I was besides despairing for the attending of my instructors. I would raise my manus for every inquiry that was asked, merely to have a simple â€Å" right or wrong. † By the clip I reached high school, even I had lost the motive I one time had. I still completed all of my work to the best of my ability, but all of the enthusiasm I one time held for my instruction was gone. Equally shortly as the school allowed, I started taking advanced arrangement and awards categories. There, I found instructors who cared about their pupils, and other pupils who really wanted to larn. The remainder of the school still consisted of all the things I had grown to resent. I ‘m certain I was told about hebdomadal about how my school was rated among the best public high schools in the state, with their star jocks with 3rd grade reading degrees and the D norms required to take part in athleticss or â€Å" honor pupils † with straight A ‘s, three out of their four categories being Gym, Weightlifting, and Fitness Principles, all of which they could take every semester throughout high school. I had found advanced arrangement categories to be an flight from my disappointment each twenty-four hours, but I was non convinced that thi s is what school should be ; I ‘m still non convinced. Over half of my category graduated with awards ; I ‘m certain that was a hard effort sing approximately 90 % of work was graded on completeness as opposed to correctness, but the school bragged about it however. Success of a school should n't be based upon an award winning football squad or the ability for most pupils in classs nine through 12s to go through a trial based on the reading, authorship, and arithmetic accomplishments that should hold been mastered by 6th class. I know from both the statistics and from friends and household that my school is non the lone one of such low quality or substandard patterns, but that it represents our state ‘s public schools as a whole in most instances. My sister Teachs 6th grade math in Baltimore, and has told me on several occasions about how non merely herself, but even English instructors, are non allowed by the disposal to rectify kids ‘s grammar, and that her pupils come to her category with math accomplishments accommo dating that of a 2nd or 3rd grader, but she is expected to hold them prepared for the 7th class by the terminal of the twelvemonth. Teachers at my sister ‘s school are told non to rectify the kids ‘s grammar in fright of aching their feelings, but if no 1 corrects them in school, what are the opportunities that kids form these accomplishments by the clip they enter the work force? Administrative policies, non single instructors, are to fault for the low criterion of instruction. What instructors could genuinely be motivated to learn in a system where wage class is non based upon success or consequences, merely clip physically spent in the schoolroom? The public school system is neglecting both nationally and in single provinces. Among the international rankings every bit late as 2010, the United States ranks fourteenth in reading, 25th in mathematics, and seventeenth in scientific discipline ( Shepherd ) . The United States is non even within the top 10 of any mensural topic. The top five states in the universe for instruction include South Korea, Finland, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan ( Shepherd ) . Twenty-five per centum of United States high school pupils fail to graduate within the allotted four old ages, and as the Miami Herald states it, â€Å" many of those who do graduate are ill-prepared for the demands of college and calling, † ( Bush ) . Why are other states turn outing more successful in their instruction patterns? House Education and Labor Chairman, George Miller, claims, â€Å" The difference between the states at the top of these rankings and the U.S. is that the states who are surpassing us have made developing the best instruction system in the universe a national goalaˆÂ ¦They ‘ve recognized that the strength of their economic system will be inextricably tied to the strength of their instruction system in the twenty-first century, † ( Graves ) . This is evidently support for the fact that instruction should go a greater precedence in this state. As George Miller stated above, a successful instruction system in bend leads to a successful economic system. Any significant addition in quality of instruction would straight ensue in economic addition in the millions, merely in the following few decennaries ( Graves ) . Despite passing some of the highest sums globally on instruction, we are still n on wining, imparting to the thought that the support is non the job, but how it is being put to utilize ( Bush ) . One author, Amy Richards studies, â€Å" 25 per centum of the United States population is functionally illiterate, unable to confer with a dictionary, to read marks or follow basic written waies, † ( Richards ) Based upon recent nose count informations, the population of the United States is about 311,591,917, which harmonizing to Richards ‘ claim, means that there are about 77,897,979 people in the United States entirely that are illiterate ( Google Public Data Explorer ) . That is surely a huge figure of people, and an unexpected figure for such a developed state as the United States. One account as to why precisely our public school systems are neglecting is the being of zero-tolerance policies for regulations within schools, which in bend lead to increased rates of suspension and ejection. Amy Richards cites the illustration, â€Å" Philadelphia provides a perfect instance survey in interior metropolis instruction, throw outing pupils at a rate of three 100 per twenty-four hours. On norm, pupils are about four old ages behind in reading degree in Philadelphia, † ( Richards ) . Higher rates of suspension and ejection mean one thing for the instruction system, less pupils are in the schoolroom acquisition. Richards cites Philadelphia as an illustration, nevertheless the same tendency can be found in inner-city school systems throughout the state. One school system that critics argue is really much the gilded criterion is that of Finland. Finland ranks 2nd in both reading and mathematics severally, but ranks highest in scientific discipline in the universe ( Shepherd ) . One compelling statement for Finland ‘s success in instruction is the fact that private schools do non be, even on the university degree. There are really few independent schools in being, but even those are all publically funded. What this means is that all pupils in Finland are having an equal instruction, that which can non be elevated by any tuition fee ( Partanen ) . Pasi Sahlberg is the manager of the Finnish Ministry of Education ‘s Center for International Mobility and has late authored the book Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? ( Partanen ) . In an interview about his new book, he cites the deficiency of private schools as one ground for success, but besides includes many strong statements as to why their system is so successful. Some of the patterns that Sahlberg claims are the most successful include the absence of standardised trials, and besides the fact that â€Å" in Finland all instructors and decision makers are given prestigiousnesss, nice wage, and a batch of duty. A maestro ‘s grade is required to come in the profession, and teacher preparation plans are among the most selective professional schools in the state, † ( Partanen ) . Pasi Sahlberg besides brings up thoughts that are n't frequently contemplated as success enabling in the United States such as, â€Å" Finland offers all students free school repasts, easy entree to wellness attention, psychological guidance, and individualised pupil counsel, † ( Partanen ) . Are the absences of such patterns the ground for the huge spread between Finland ‘s esteemed instruction plan and the second-rate opposite number of the United States? Standardized testing is considered a aspect in public i nstruction in the United States, yet pupils in Finland merely have single testing created and graded by instructors, and have a much greater border of success. Finland implements educational patterns that are about wholly opposite to those of the United States. Critics argue that the Finnish theoretical account would non work in the United States because of the utmost differences in size and cultural diverseness, nevertheless Samuel Abrams, of Columbia University ‘s Teaching College argues against this point by mentioning the state of Norway as a premier illustration. Abrams argues that though Norway is similar in size and cultural diverseness to Finland, Norway ‘s educational system is much more similar to that of the United States, and granaries similar, sub-par, consequences to those of the United States ( Partanen ) . I have explained possible grounds for the defects of the United States. These include, betterment of instruction non being a chief end for Americans, standardised testing, high-rates of suspension and ejection, and unequal pay-grade determiners for instructors. For some of these jobs, there are obvious solutions, such as abolishment of standardised testing and zero-tolerance policies. I have besides offered a possible solution, the Finnish theoretical account, which our state ‘s instruction system would be more than capable of accommodating to if there was governmental policy alteration. Any alteration for the better to our instruction system could potentially give unfathomable sums of economic growing and the ability to vie in international rankings. Citations: Shepherd, Jessica. â€Å" World Education Rankings: Which Country Does Best at Reading, Maths and Science? † The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 07 Dec. 2010. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/dec/07/world-education- rankings-maths-science-reading & gt ; . Bush, Jeb. â€Å" How To Better Our Failing Education System. † The Miami Herald. N.p. , 30 May 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.miamiherald.com/2012/05/30/2824609/how-to- improve-our-failing-education.html & gt ; . Graves, Lucia. â€Å" House Education Chair: U.S. School System Is ‘Failing Our State ‘ † The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 07 Dec. 2010. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/07/george-miller-education- failing_n_793363.html & gt ; . Richards, Amy. â€Å" Why The American Public School System Keeps Failing Our Young person. † ReLIFE ‘s Blog. N.p. , 24 Oct. 2011. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //relifeinc.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/why-the-american-public-school-system- keeps-failing-our-youth/ & gt ; . â€Å" Google Public Data Explorer. † Google Public Data Explorer. N.p. , n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com/publicdata & gt ; . Partanen, Anu. â€Å" What Americans Keep Ignoring About Finland ‘s School Success. † The Atlantic. N.p. , 29 Dec. 2011. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/12/what-americans-keep-ignoring- about-finlands-school-success/250564/ & gt ; .

Diabetes and its Complications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diabetes and its Complications - Essay Example Chinese patients with diabetes have the highest world-wide rate of incidence of, and mortality from, cardiovascular complications. According to the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the co-existence of hypertension and Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease more than 50%. More than half of Chinese patients admitted after a stroke are found to have diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney failure, and nephrosis is an enormous threat to diabetes patients. Diabetes-related kidney disease accounts for 10-30% of diabetes-related deaths and the earlier the onset of diabetes, the higher the risk of developing kidney disease. Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes - studies suggest that up to 50% of diabetics are affected. Neuropathy can lead to sensory loss and limb damage, and is a major cause of impotence in diabetic men. One of the most costly complications of diabetes is foot disease, especially in communities with inadequate footwear. Diabetes is the most common cause of non-traumatic amputation of the lower limb. This may be prevented by regular inspection and good care of the foot. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and visual disability. ... In developing countries treatment is inaccessible to the majority of the population. Psychological symptoms are common to those who suffer from diabetes for five years or more - more than 90% of diabetics experience some kind of mental crisis. In China, more than 20% of Type 2 diabetics also suffer from depressive symptoms. Symptoms are linked to the incurable nature of the disease and complications, as well as the fact that diabetics must carefully monitor their diet and treatment. The risk of developing depressive symptoms increases over time. Obesity and overweight are major risk factors in developing diabetes, because these conditions have a strong effect on insulin resistance. A survey conducted on obese diabetic patients demonstrated that an increase in BMI1 from 22 to 23 -25 increases the incidence of diabetes by a factor of four. With a BMI of 35 or more, patients are 40 times more likely to become diabetic. The Da Qing IGT and diabetes study (Table 4) shows the incidence of Type 2 diabetes during a six year follow-up period. There is a fourfold increase in incidence of diabetes in those with a BMI 27 compared to those with a BMI 24. Clearly, higher BMI increases the risk of diabetes. In Asian countries BMI is a less reliable indicator of disease, because the WHO criteria for obesity are based on Caucasian populations. A Hong Kong study shows that using the WHO criteria, the prevalence of obesity in Japan and China was 3%. While there are many indications that the risk of Type 2 diabetes is closely related to BMI and waist circumference in the Chinese population, this risk emerges with a smaller increase in BMI and waist circumference

Geneticly Modified Organisms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Geneticly Modified Organisms - Research Paper Example In many instances, some scientists consider it a miracle since it is instrumental in solving such problems (Hamilton, 2001). This has been successful through production of modified crops, food, drugs, vaccines and even livestock. Since the success story of genetically modified organism is appealing, many people are improving technology to have an optimum solution to these problems. The second factor that has been influential in production of this organism is the economic factor. The economy in many parts of the word has been dwindling due to lack of better ways of solving problems. As such, scientists have been engaged to help find better ways of solving such problems. They have come up with the technology that manipulates organisms to increase production (Povich, 2010). This has been successful as many scientists have successfully increased production. As a matter of fact, modification has been successful since it involves many sectors of the economy. When production in many economi c aspects is improved, the whole economy will record a significant growth. The third factor that has made it possible for research in technology is the political condition. Many parts of the world are struggling to find political solutions to a number of problems that affect their people. To solve the situation, the political bigwigs have to find solutions that are sustainable. Technology and modification is one of the factors that have helped solve the problems. Political and Legal Influences The politics of a country are dominated by few people who have power. The people in power have an obligation of making decisions that will enhance the lives of the masses. As such, they can make decisions depending on the underlying factors. However, some politicians make decisions depending on the underlying interest. Some politicians will make decisions depending on their links with some of the companies that control some vital aspects in the political environment. For instance, a better par t of the American population has vast information in concerns to Monsanto (Peters, 2012). This is a renowned company that has been influential in providing a weed killer that is used in lawns. The company has been influential in providing superb services in regard to weed killers and providing adorable lawns. However, what most people have not deciphered is that the company is also influential in providing vast food products. This is due to the political influence and affluence it has in the United States. It is stated that employees that used to work for the company new hold influential positions in the government. As such, they have a better chance of making decisions that could affect the company in the near future. Since they still have vested interests in the company, they are not likely to make decisions that will ground the company. In most cases, they are protective to the company and will make decisions that seem to favor the company. Monsanto is a company that has been mak ing dreadful chemicals that kill weeds. Apparently, this has been detrimental to the environment as most of these residues are environmental pollutants. Though the company has been producing chemicals that pollute the earth’s surface, the company is still given the leeway to engage in production of food products. This is partly due to the political influence the company has. In the recent past, the company has b

Implications of Concepts of Organizational Behavior at a Local Essay

Implications of Concepts of Organizational Behavior at a Local Restaurant in London - Essay Example The restaurant is comprised of totaling fifty employees. Most of these employees are foreigner students who work part time at Mr. Smith’s Restaurant. Mr. Smith offers flexible working conditions to these students. He allows them to work full time during holidays as well as part time during exams. Lately, the restaurant underwent a substantial increase in numbers of customers. This increment is mainly due to the popularity of International and European Cuisine offered at Mr. Smith’s Restaurant. Such popularity has encouraged Mr. Smith to open more chains of this restaurant throughout U.K. In this paper, Mr. Smith’s business has been analyzed from the following mentioned perspective. Organizational Culture and Structure Leadership and Management Styles Motivational Theories and their implications Teamwork and Group Behavior In subsequent paragraphs, these aspects of Mr. Smith’s business are discussed in detailed manner. Task 1 - Understand the relationship b etween Organizational Structure and Culture a) Compare and contrast ‘geographical’ and ‘functional’ organizational structure. You should include examples of the application of these organization structures in real businesses. Organizational Structures and Culture Organizational structures are developed to define a framework of command and order through which the tasks and activities of an organization can be organized, planned, directed and controlled in order to achieve the overall organizational goals. Within U.K, most of the restaurants possess geographical, functional and entrepreneurial structures. Functional Structure; this structure refers to organizing the business depending upon what each department does. Geographical Structure; This structure groups activity according to their geographical location. Services are provided after considering ease of management and convenience of customers. Product-based Structures; Companies that possess wide range o f products have this type of organizational structures. Wide range of products is generally categorized in width extension, breadth extension and line extension Multifunctional and Multidivisional Structures; this structure is typically possessed by large corporations whose business operations are expanded globally. This structure possesses multiple hierarchical levels in organization. Matrix Structures; matrix organization requires an employee to report two bosses at same time. For instance, a person might be an employee in sales department but he has to report to finance manager as well about the sales of a certain period. Centralization; in centralization, only one individual or top management has the sole authority of taking decision for the entire company. Decentralization; decentralization disperses the decision making governance in proximity of workers (Heathfield, n.d.). Implication of Organizational Structure in Mr. Smith’s Restaurant Since the business of Mr. Smith is family owned, therefore substantial reliance is upon the owner-manager that is Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith has the sole authority, accountability and responsibility of the entire organization. The relationships between Mr. Smith and other members of organization are developed in informal and personal basis. However, at the same time Mr. Smith plans to expand his business which

Data Mining Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Mining - Lab Report Example In addition, data on the number of science related course that a student had taken and data on years of professional experience that a student had prior to the course were missing for some of the participants. In addition, data on expected salary for first job had unrealistically low values and required cleaning. Means were used to clean data on previous number of science course and professional experience and expected salary while mode was used to clean ordinal data. A majority of the students, therefore, had undertaken about three science related courses and had about 3.65 years of professional experience in data areas. The students expected first salary of about $ 29795.78. A majority of the students (60.9 percent) were fair in data mining efficiency while only 8.7 were good. Only 21.7 percent had much confidence in becoming data analysts after graduation while 56.5 percent were not sure of their positions. Most of the students lived away from campus with 34.8 percent being within a driving distance while 52.2 percent lived far away, though within the United States. Most of the students preferred a one-by-one virtual meeting. The following histograms illustrate the distributions. Majority of the students have sufficient background knowledge in data mining, having done many related course. They however lack experience in data mining and report average efficiency. Their level of motivation into data analysis profession is low, their locations are far from the campus, and they prefer one-by-one virtual meetings. A one on one approach to learning that focuses on technology for online study is therefore

Apple Hamdi 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apple Hamdi 3 - Essay Example Operation: Apple products are free from toxins such as BFR. The products are enclosed in highly recyclable aluminium. The firm also outsources production to the third party OEM partners so as to eliminate the burden of production management. By manufacturing components inside the Company, this eliminates the transaction cost of purchasing them in the market thus optimizing the plant’s utilization. As a result, it results to greater economies of scale. The firm also needs to locate its production units near a cluster of suppliers so as to reduce the costs of purchasing and distribution (Apple Inc., 2013). Outbound logistics: Apple needs to use a variety of direct and indirect distribution channels. The electronic Company is improving its capacities for distribution by increasing the number of its own retail stores globally. Lastly, Apple Inc. has developed economical packaging. This reduces material waste and emissions produced on transit (Apple, 2014). Sales and marketing: sales and are very crucial in ensuring that a firm sells its products. Apple makes use of both print and electronic media to advertise their products. Apple can make use of radio, television, and newspapers, as well as online marketing tools such as Facebook and Twitter to increase its scope of customer reach. This saves the cost of rent or salespeople at the stores. As part of its marketing strategy, the firm has entered into patent cross-licensing and also technology agreements with Microsoft. This was after years of unimpressive growth in market share. So as to maintain its market share, Apple has their own branded stores internationally that assist sell their products (Apple, 2014). Procurements: Recently, the firm realised that outsourcing the raw materials; core ingredients in the manufacture of a product that already exists in the market may be considered as a step towards gaining competitive advantage by Apple Inc (Apple, 2014). Human resource

Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Epidemiology - Essay Example The professionals in this field rely on biostatistics, biology, disciplines of social science, and assessment of exposure. Epidemiologists involve themselves in study design, data collection, statistical analysis of the data collected, and interpretation of the results, as well as the distribution of the results. This dissemination can be done in systematic reviews, which are occasional, and peer reviewed articles. It helps to inform institutions on policy decisions and medicine that is evidence based via the identification of disease risk factors and preventive medicine targets. This paper aims to take two case studies and address how epidemiology was concerned with efforts to describe, explain, predict, and control the examples. Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis and has been known for more than a few thousand years (Preston, 2002). The causative organism was first described in the 1850s and was used as poof by Koch of Henle’s postulates. The first anthrax vaccines were developed by Toussiant and Greenfield, and the public demonstration was handled by Louis Pasteur in the year 1881 (Preston, 2002). The two vaccines exist in both human and animal form. Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive, spore forming, capsulated rod and survives by killing other cells. Its spores can survive for decades in the environment. Its pathogenicity depends on the pX01 and the pX02 plasmids, and it has two key strains. Strain A is found all over the world, while strain B is limited essentially to the southern part of Africa (Preston, 2002). Anthrax acts on the body cells by releasing toxins (Preston, 2002). PA or protective antigen binds itself to the receptor of the host cell, after which furin cleaves off and lets PA20 go free. PA83 undergoes heptamer formation with the enzymes acting as toxin binding to PA63. It is internalized into the cell via endocytosis that is receptor mediated. Acidification of this endosome is causes there to be

Marketing DB Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing DB - Coursework Example The reason to move ahead is indeed the atmosphere that one is talking about here. The shopping experience at a retail store becomes more satisfying when the aura and aromas get manifested in the most proper sense. This means that this experience gets better if the aura and aromas are highlighted in a positive fashion – one that suggests immense room for a better retail experience for the end consumer. If the consumers are given a smell that they would like to feel good about, they will definitely visit this retail store (Frazier, 1996). Similarly, if they are welcomed by an activity which is indeed a hallmark of the retail chain, they shall do every effort to be there and thus finish their joyride as well as accomplish their shopping mission. The need is to understand what the consumers want and how they are going to achieve what they have in mind. This suggests that the retail experience needs to be defined and later on re-defined to have a cumulative stance so that the consumers are always at a benefit. The vertical management system is a channel arrangement where one of the channel members might own some of the others and bring upon them its influence which is available in the wake of better power that comes from bargain, contracts and other requirements. The implications and opportunities of this VMS channel arrangement for my company is that it will aim to better the relationships that exist amongst the channel members and allow them to grow beyond the expected returns. This will enable the channel members to bring their best to the fore and give the best price in terms of bargains and so on. Eventually the consumers’ shopping experiences would become better and they will get the best deals and discounts which are available within the related industry. The retail format that is most appropriate for my company since it is CAD and based on a computer is an online model. This will bring immense

Final Paper Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Paper Outline - Assignment Example t actively listen to each other, then you cannot prevent future problems that you could avert by listening and identifying each other’s needs (Fedesco, 2015, pg. 103). People often feel frustrated when they feel the other party is not listening to their needs. Secondly, you must develop and maintain self-concept in your relationship. Self-concept defines a person’s perception and understanding of their being as a self. This is essential because it shapes a person’s behavior and ability to handle stress in a relationship, and determines emotional behavior (Ahmad, Ghazali, Hassan, 2011, pg. 24). It enable one know what they want, and what they deserve in a relationship. In the end, it affects the quality of a couple’s relationship because emotions determine the level of attachment and understanding between the two of you. Thirdly, you must understand emotional intelligence and its role in effective interpersonal relationships. Emotions can easily destroy interpersonal relationships between couples. Emotional intelligence involves such factors as devotion, perseverance, and self-control (Hsieh, Wang, Fan, and Huang, 2014, pg. 133). A high level of emotional intelligence allows a person to accept and emphasize with a partner, and avoid emotional outburst that may not define their true character. Fourthly, there is a need for self-disclosure in your relationship. It is necessary for partners to reveal personal information in order to improve their communication process (Sprecher and Hendrick, 2004, pg. 858). It encourages, love, satisfaction and responsiveness in a relationship. Even so, self-disclosure should be at a certain level that does not hinder the normal functioning of the relationship. Finally, you must learn strategies to manage interpersonal conflicts. Conflict is an unavoidable in any marriage, despite the level of understanding that you fashion. Interpersonal conflicts arise when one infringes on the rights and space of another, especially in

Starbucks Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Marketing Strategy Essay Starbucks developed an advantage over its competitors by engaging in partnerships with stores such as Safeway, Barnes Noble where they open cafes to serve their coffee and sell their products. They improved their brand awareness by licensing its brand name on different food products such as ice cream and bottled Frapuccinos 2. What were the principal drivers behind Starbucks’ success in the marketplace? What does the Starbucks brand mean to consumers? How have the growth opportunities pursued that Starbuck has pursued affected the value of its brand name? One of the drivers behind Starbucks’ success is their store locations. The company only open stores in centralized cities in highly visible regions. Stores are always spacious with room for customers to hang out and drink their coffee. They also have great merchandise items such as coffee beverages, whole bean coffee by the pound, pastries, sandwiches, etc†¦ A big part is Starbucks’ success is their employees. Their baristas are trained to customize each drink and to explain the origin of different coffees. There are treated like partners, and trained to provide the best customer service and to deal with customer complains on the spot. The Starbucks brand means consistency and predictability to consumers. It is a promise to great coffee and great experience. Starbucks’ extensive product line strategy of creating a variety of products beyond just coffee beans was a big growth opportunity, as well as their partnerships that allowed them to expand their brand by selling ready to drink coffee, flavored ice cream and branded coffee now in supermarkets. They also have joint venture agreements in 15 countries. 3. What are the major challenges facing Starbucks as it goes global? Is the brand advantage sustainable going forward? Can Starbucks defend its position against other specialty coffee retailers? Competition is always a challenge when expanding a business overseas, as well as their lack of experience in the international market. Global expansion also means being operated by local partners and therefore making less money. However, I do believe their brand is sustainable. Starbucks is the market pioneer, which gives them major advantage against their competitors. To defend their position, Starbucks should never impose their western preferences in their international markets and continue to adapt their products to the local markets.

The Philosophies Within Macbeth

The Philosophies Within Macbeth The play Macbeth is a historically popular play, with many different themes such iambic pentameter, equivocation, prophetic fallacy, imagery and tones. The statement fair is foul, and foul is fair will be discussed and analysed to see how it is reflected throughout the play. As well as Implicit and explicit meanings will be discussed about characters and objects, to see how they contrast with the statement. Then evaluating the structure, language and style of how the play is written, allowing opinions to be given and supported by evidence. Shakespeare begins the play with the introduction of the witches. They can only be described as ambiguous creatures and questionably human. They create an image of mystery and evil: they will meet When the battle is lost and won (1:1:4), a weird and contradicting statement which resembles their personalities and values. The witches express their evil with their chant and the final couplet, Fair is foul, and foul is fair (1:1:9), this statement violates Gods natural order, because good is bad and bad is good. The witches also give the image of evil by the way they dress and act. They are dressed in black robes and constantly circling each other as they talk and speak in weird rhymes and tones; also the sky is always dark and thunderous when they are present, which is the theme pathetic fallacy. Pathetic fallacy means the attributes of human emotions or characteristics relate to nature. Therefore the thunder and lightning that occur when the witches appear symbolizes they are evil, scary and violent. This runs throughout the play using light and the weather to contrast feelings and emotions of characters, the mood of the moment, as light being seen as fair and the dark being seen as foul. Scene 2 evaporates the shadowy world of the witches from scene one to a physical and masculine world of honour and strength, its travelled from foul to fair. Macbeth doesnt become visible yet, however the Captain and Ross begin describing and personifying him: Disdaining fortune (1:2:17), which means unafraid of his own safety, Valours minion (1:2:19); this gives him the image of a respectable and epic hero; he is a fair warrior. At this point in the play Macbeth is completely in control of himself, a well regarded man and metaphorically a walking God as he is described as, Bellonas bridegroom (1:2:56), a fit husband for the roman Goddess of war. Macbeth and his loyal friend Banquo who is also a highly respectable man encounter the witches. Macbeth states just before they come across the witches, So foul and fair a day I have not seen (1:3:36), this statement echos the witches. Macbeth is stating the weather that its one of those days where fog is followed by sunshine, then a thunderstorm and some hail and more sunshine, all use of prophetic fallacy to create and weird and unsettling image. When the witches are seen, Banquo questions their look, That look not like thinhabitaints othearth and yet are ont? (1:3:39-40), clearly Banquo notices the appearance of the witches, he knows that something weird is happening and cant trust what they say, therefore the feeling from Banquo is pessimistic of the witches and also he acknowledges things not being what they seem. The witches predict to Macbeth and Banquo the future, divulging in information that will turn Macbeth from Fair to Foul. Macbeth is more intrigued, even though Banquo warns Macbeth by saying, instruments of darkness (1:3:123), Macbeth ignores the warning from his friend and is still ambitious on finding more information. Macbeth is beginning to act foul as he is selfish and demands more from the witches. By using dramatic irony the audience knows that these witches are plotting something evil, which can only lead to a disaster. Whereas Banquo is fair knowing the witches are untrustworthy, however he still wants to know their predictions, which is important to his fate, because he also knows the predictions. As the witchs prophecies are told, it is revealed that Macbeth will be thane of Cawdor and King, Macbeth is shocked by this news. Banquo begins by saying, why do you start and seem to fear things that do sound fair?'(1:3:50), the use of fair means good, he is saying to Macbeth, wh y be fearful of these predictions? Maybe Macbeth isnt fearful of these predictions but perhaps already plotting to become king. But Banquo is unhappy that he has not been spoken about, he quizzes the witches, Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear (1:3:58), when the witches tell Banquo his sons will be king, there is no impression of him being happy with this, instead he says insane root (1:3:82), which means that they have taken something to make them go insane and doesnt believe that what happened is real. The biblical reference here is that Banquo says, What? Can the devil speak true? the witches are being compared to the worst thing possible the devil who is at the bottom of the chain of being; this is giving the real image of how equivocating the witches are, misleading and liars. This statement is also a realization that their predictions are becoming real. A soliloquy is monologue spoken from a character that is alone on stage. The character reveals their inner thoughts and feelings to the audience. It is a useful theme, to understand what the character is thinking. Macbeths Soliloquy begins, Two truths are told (1:3:126), Macbeth has become thane of Cawdor, and is now thinking on how to become king, even with the thought of murder expressed by saying, horrid image (1:3:133), and horrible imaginations (1:3:137) suggest he is thinking of something horrible and possibly murdering Duncan. The soliloquy is powerful, as now we know what he is thinking and feeling, its dramatic irony, as Banquo doesnt know what he is thinking, which creates tension. Macbeth says, Cannot be ill, cannot be good (1:3:130), ill is foul and good is fair Macbeth has acknowledged something unnatural is occurring but because he has, earnest of success, (1:3:131) he is enjoying his new found status and wants more. Banquo, is a smart character, he is suspicious about Macbeth, thou hast it now, king Cawdor, Glamis, all, as the weird women promised, and I fear thou playedst most foully fort'(3:1:1-3), Banquo has acknowledged the foul of Macbeths action, however the fair is, But that myself should be the root and father of many kings'(3:1:5-6), he allows the witches prophecies to be correct in thinking his sons will be king, which shows he is affected by the witches, but in turn this is good, fair as Macbeths sons will not be king. However this is also the time where Banquo is fearful of his own safety knowing he maybe a target as Macbeth could try to kill him and Fleance, Banquos son, to stop him from being king. Macbeth writes a letter to Lady Macbeth which is represented as prose. Shakespeare used prose for the lower status characters such as murderers and servants; however he wasnt afraid to break the rule in letting important characters use it. The letter is entirely appropriate seeing as it is interesting and concise. The letter itself shows love and trust between the relationship of lady Macbeth and Macbeth, Macbeth shows this by saying, my dearest love (1:5:56) and my dearest partner of greatest (1:5:9-10) this shows that Macbeth trusts and loves her. Although it is never mentioned lady Macbeth showing love for Macbeth. I believe that Shakespeare didnt include this, because it would make her look weak. Macbeth is unsure on whether he wants to murder Duncan, she begins plotting straight away; this immediately shows her foul side. Macbeth says I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent (1:7:25-26) which shows his doubts. Lady Macduff has to convince him to do it, by doing so she beco mes almost greater than man or even witch like , Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear (1,5:24-5) the word spirit is reflective of the witches. She insults Macbeths man hood by calling him a, coward (1:7:43), and beast (1:7:47), these comments, are the worst a man could be called by his wife, this would make him feel humiliated. Macbeth, I dare do all that may become man (1:7:46), as he loves her, he wants to be a man for her. Lady Macbeth also says, how tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out (1:7:55-56), This is a massive commitment and promise she is giving to Macbeth, she is so ambitious for Macbeth to kill Duncan shell go to the extent of killing her own baby. This statement is a powerful statement, it questions lady Macbeths humanity and sanity, however she does go on to say, had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet (2:3:13), wh en she was being bought up she would have seen her father as a God figure, this is evidence that shows she is fair. Another moment of humanity and of Fair, Macduff encounters her as a, Gentle lady (2:3:77) therefore she is known as a good wife and is gentle, Macduff believes she cant handle the news of murder, which is ironic as she had a part to play in his murder. Is Lady Macbeth greedy or ambitious for Macbeth? Does she want to become queen or does she want him to succeed? I believe that deep down they are both greedy and ambitious, however because Macbeth has become Thane of Cawdor and is a true warrior, he should not progress to try and be king as he is not king material. And I also believe that lady Macbeth wants to be queen so she is forcing Macbeth to kill Duncan out of greed, as I believe she is the type of character which strives for power and people to respect and love her, and by coming queen this is how she can get this power, although it is not said. Duncan is a great and well respected character he also introduces the fair and foul theme, when he talks about the treachery of the Thane of Cawdor, what he hath lost, noble Macbeth has won. (1:2:67) he states that the foul in losing and the fair in wining. The castle where Duncan is killed is described by himself as, This castle hath a pleasant seat; the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself unto our gentle senses this is ironic as it is where he will die. The castle looks fair pretty, welcoming but its a foul place because Duncan and the two guards were killed. Also Banquos death was plotted in the castle. Before the murder of Duncan, Banquo Struggles to sleep and has reminiscence that something is wrong, this could be the affect of the evil witches on him, when he asks Fleance, How goes the night? (2:1:1) Fleance replies The moon is down; I have not heard the clock (2:1:2). The use of prophetic fallacy is implied to compare the moon to whatever is going on the moon has no part of the evil happenings. Also the imagery when Banquo says, their candles are all out (2:1:5), the metaphor of the light has implied that darkness can only mean evil, and the light symbolizes heaven such as God and angels who will not view what is about the happen. The murder of Duncan, Macbeth sees the image of a knife floating in front of him, its almost he is under a spell being forced to murder Duncan. When Macbeth has murdered Duncan he instantly starts to panic and loses all sense of reality because of the vast crime he has committed in killing a king, who is a god figure to him. He completely transforms straight away, earlier in the play he says jump the life too come (1:7:7). But now the word Amen (1:7:7) cannot said because he has ultimately killed God, They pluck out mine eyes. Will all great Neptunes oceans was this blood clean from my hand? No (2:3:62-63) Gods oceans will not clean him, which suggest a total state of damnation. This makes him unrecognizable to any one, this is where he has become a man without a soul, a lost man and a foul man, when Macbeth kills Duncan the natural order is altered. The porter mentions hell-gate (2:3:1-2) when there is a knocking at the gate of the castle, this becomes a reality it has become a castle of deception, fear, distrust, and the castle is hell. The finding of Duncans body, Lady Macbeth faints on hearing the news, this is where her witch and masculine role beings to recess she slowly starts becoming insane, sleep walking, this a result in her paying for her foul crimes. I believe the fainting suggests its the death of her role. Macbeth becomes king however Macduff doesnt attend his ceremony, this is where I believe Macduff has suspicions of Macbeth, he says suborned (2:4:24) which means bribed, however he knows that Macbeth killed the guards, therefore begins to wonder what really happened. Macbeth gets compared as a the devil himself could not pronounce a title more hateful to mine ear (5:7:8) by young Siward, suggesting there is hell and foul to wherever Macbeth is. Lady Macduff and Lady Macbeth both run off the stage screaming when their deaths occur, although not seen. The even hand of justice is being applied because lady Macduff was brutally murdered along with her son, she is shown as being murdered foully, however the fact that Macduff who is away getting reinforcements to get rid of Macbeth, which is a good and fair. Lady Macbeth who kills herself, people are glad she has done so because of the evil and foul that she conducted in her part in plotting Duncans death, so its giving the impression its fair and a balanced is restored. By representing everything natural is good, by using the Burnham wood, which is moving, it gives the impression its cleansing and replenishing fair reality of nature is cleansing the evil foul which is Macbeth. The final scene brings retribution to Macbeth, Macduff challenges his manhood just like lady Macbeth, which encourages Macbeth to carry on fighting, but he dies courageously, this suggest that Macbeth has returned to his Fair heroic status. The tone during the battle scene is that of a happy ending but yet a tragedy recognised by Macbeth. During the battle Macbeth is in his comfort zone, being a warrior and fighting, yet I will try the last (5:9:71) he has become what he once was at the beginning. He has travelled from fair to foul and foul to fair which is the witches prophecy. During the battle scene, he analysis the witches as juggling fiends (7:6:58) knowing they were the reason he did what he did. However he was warned by Banquo but chose not to listen so will pay for it. When Macduff kills Macbeth the natural order is restored. The theme appearance versus reality, things not being what they seem, human necessarys and luxuries such as food and sleep is a constant theme throughout the play. Macbeth, sleep no more: Macbeth does murder sleep, innocent sleep (2:2:38-9) this is his punishment for his crime a living death, without peace or the ability to rest and sleep. Macbeth becomes jealous of Duncan, in restless ecstasy. Duncan is in his grave resting, after lifes fitful fever, he sleeps well (3:2:23-4), Macbeth who is become increasingly insane as time progresses, this is where I believe Macbeth is debating on whether to kill himself and taking the cowardly way out. Macbeth is foul, for his crime and Duncan is resting, fair. Then the contrast of food, being an important way of keeping fit and strong, Macbeth says, ere we eat our meal in fear (3:2:17), because of the murders he has committed evil and chaos is seeping into his life not letting him live peacefully and enjoying the much needed ideals. Lady Macbet h and Macbeth plot Duncans death during Duncans feast, but plan to murder him during his sleep. Later in the play Macbeth breaks down during a feast as he sees the ghost of Banquo which again disturbs Macbeth from consuming food. Macbeth has realized his crime, he is paying for it, he becomes dependent on his wife to clear the feast, Shakespeare suggest foul and fair with the imagery of food, because Macbeth has committed such a foul crime he is denied the fair of a good diet. The imagery of blood runs through the play, Lady Macbeth says, make thick my blood (1:5:40) her blood is a natural function of the body, and naturally feeds a mans capacity for compassion, things she wishes stops. Also rich imagery of clothes misfitting Macbeth, borrowed robes (1:3:126) strange garments (1:3:145) giving the significance that clothing is powerful and has a hidden meaning, the clothes dont fit Macbeth suggesting that he should not be in them or have the position the clothes represent, such as the crown, which is too big for his head, meaning it should not be there as it is too big, which makes Macbeth look ridiculous. This creates an image of concealment or disguise, as Macbeth begins to hide behind his clothes of kingship. Iambic pentameter is the structure of how Shakespeare chose to write the play. It is poetry that doesnt rhyme and tends to have ten syllables a line. The rhythm of the line comes from the fact that usually every second syllable is emphasised. Its usually the most important words that get stressed such as nouns, names, verbs and actions. This gives the key ideas more prominence and the meanings more power. An example of this is where Macbeth ask, if we should fail (1:7:60) lady Macbeth says, we fail? which could be spoken in many different tones, if spoken flatly suggest what will be will be, but if said loudly and emphasised might sound sarcastic and shock. This theme is also flexible, as some lines only contain four or five syllables, so it is given a space to make up for the time. For example; Macbeth: Two truths are told, As happy prologues to the swelling act (1:3:126-127). The space is left, so the character knows to wait, to keep up with the beat. It is also used to whatever ever mood Shakespeare is trying to capture in the character. Iambic pentameter relates to foul and fair because when the witches speak they are being speaking quickly because of the syllables, gives the impression of scary and evil. The theme equivocation which means, concealing the truth, the intention to mislead and also it creates an image of conflict using words such as fair and foul. As well as using words with double meanings. Its a powerful theme that creates tension, suspense and emotions. Shakespeares uses it all through the play, Lady Macbeth during the speech to Macbeth, about killing Duncan, has many equivocating words such, business (1:6:66) is a double meaning for murder, dispatch (1:6:66) is also another term for murder, she uses these words to not scare Macbeth with direct words as she is unsure on how he would react. To conclude this discussion I believe that foul and fair is strict role throughout the play, where there is foul there is fair, a constant balance of god and bad. Shakespeare used many themes to create imagery and suspense. I believe that Macbeths character was suited to stay as a warrior and not to climax any further, by doing so he suffered for it. Lady Macbeth who remained evil throughout was however a good and strong wife, although suffered for her witch like manner. Macduff is the good guy, although leaving his family alone who got brutally murdered, became the good guy for killing Macbeth.

Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 | Evaluation

Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 | Evaluation The Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 was enacted  as a response to criticism of the Compulsory Purchase system in England and Wales. Identify the key issues  of statute and analyse the likely reaction to the legislation. Introduction The Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 represents the first new Planning Act in over a decade and took in excess of eighteen months for the negotiation of its passage in the Palace of Westminster as well as special dispensation to enable the Act to be carried from one session of Parliament to the next. The Compulsory Purchase system that was in force in England and Wales that it overhauls is in keeping with reforms under the United Kingdom’s Sustainable Communities programme which was enacted to reverse the tide of empty and abandoned properties throughout the region as a result of the mass migration of the middle and upper middle class to suburban communities (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005). In essence, the Compulsory Purchase system is what is termed in the United States as the law of eminent domain, compulsory acquisition in Australia, or expropriation in Canada as well as South Africa and represents the government’s authority to appropriate property, priva tely held, for its utilization in keeping with programs or reasons that represent the good of the general public (European Convention on Human Rights, 1950). As part of the United Kingdom’s far reaching ‘Sustainable Communities’ programme, which was launched by the Deputy Prime Minister on 5 February 2003, the Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 has been enacted to introduce more efficiency as well as speed and simplicity into local, regional and the U.K. government’s ability to work under as well as with the interlocking communities plans that include these three levels government cooperation and interaction (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005). The legal term ‘compulsory purchase’ is an adaptation of ‘eminent domain’ which was derived from a legal treatise that was written by Huo Grotius in 1625 (Chen, 2003) and represents the means via which government can acquire real property that is required for the completion of a public project that is seen as beneficial for the public in general and where the owner of said property has been or is unwilling to negotiate the terms for the sal e. It is important to understand that the power of ‘compulsory purchase’ under English law is derived from real property. The truth is that private property ownership is not absolute but rather that a governmental authority grants what is termed a ‘fee simple’, which is an allodial title that is reserved for government. Under this, the landowner assumes the right to own property within that government’s borders as a result of the payment of taxation and the powers of compulsory purchase, police power and escheat (thepaperadvantage.com. 2005). The preceding is part of the feudal system whereby the holder of the land, termed ‘estate’, could not sell said land but rather was entitled to grant subordinate ‘fee simple’ estate rights to other parties in a system that was known as subinfueddation. Blackstone (Cousin, 1910) explains that in the instance of land under English law, fee simple conveys that it, land, can be transferred and held, owned, by whomever the original holder so pleases. The present system of property ownership evolved from this foundation and thus the government’s power to re-acquire land under compulsory purchase, or eminent domain, has thus been and is an established facet of law. The Compulsory Purchase system that existed in England and Wales operated under a structure whereby local authorities, without a linkage to regional or national planning forums, made the planning policies for their areas and as such a broader and more encompassing system for the integration of these plans into a coherent regional and national policy did not exist. The new Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 has been designed to streamline the planning process through a system that is more centralized thus replacing the local development plans and the corresponding delays and red tape which developers and landowners faced (Brand, 1968). The aforementioned flight of the middle and upper middle class to suburban developments has created a crisis throughout England and Wales whereby older communities now lack the middle and upper income tax base that was sustaining community services. In addition, a real housing shortage has and does exist throughout the country. It is estimated that there are approximately 220,000 to 230,000 new households entering the economy on a yearly basis (English House Condition Survey, 2003) and that there are just 170,000, estimated, new homes being built. The resulting high demand and low supply has created an imbalance in the housing market and driven the cost of home ownership out of the range of young adults thus creating an economic situation whereby older home owners of limited income find that their properties no longer have equity value as a result of the deteriorated neighborhoods caused by suburban flight. This imbalance has created a serious lack of affordable housing, thus resulti ng in the United Kingdom’s sweeping Sustainable Communities plan (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005). The developers state that the imbalance has been and is a result of the red tape involved in obtaining planning approvals from local authorities, which is countered by claims from consumer groups such as the Campaign for the Protection of Rural England that state developers and landowners have been hoarding land in an effort to drive up prices. The overall affect of the preceding, regardless of final blame, has been a severe economic condition that has crippled the UK’s housing market, driven down house prices in older neighborhoods and created an abandoned house situation whereby the mortgage costs of older homes exceeds their market value. This is the economic climate that has fostered the development of the Planning and Compulsory Act 2004, and the ramification of it with respect to the Compulsory Purchase system it replaces shall be examined herein from the context of criticisms leveled at the latter. The preceding summary of the economic and governmental aspects which prompted the adoption of the Planning and Compulsory Act 2004 have been undertaken to provide the background information necessary by which to understand the underlying developments which led to the enactment and passage of the Act. The Act seeks to eliminate the delay bottlenecks and red tape encountered through a redesign of the structure of the planning system from the local level onto the national level as called for under the Sustainable Communities initiative (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005). It replaces the planning policies made by local authorities with one that considers the ramifications and effects of varied building and development programs on a national basis. Under the old structure County Councils implement the preparation of planning policies as contained in structure plans, and these are further refined at the District Council level which forms the plans for the are development (planning sanity.com). The Act abolishes the Regional Planning Guidance and Structure Plans and replaces them with Regional Spatial Strategies that thus forms the basis for new plan development (Brand, 1968). The Regional Spatial Strategies under the new system will be prepared via appointed Regional Planning Bodies and will have some assistance from the existing County Councils. As the proceeding has raised concerns over accountability, a process of public consultation with respect to the Regional Spatial Councils shall be provided at examinations (uk-legislation, 2004). The new framework also eliminates local plans which now will fall under the auspices of Local Development Documents that are overseen and prepared by District Councils. Given the massive restructuring involved, the Act has a period of three years in which these transitions will be made. The preceding broad summary of the overall process contains the following improvements, modifications and changes that the Act introduces: Broad Scale Act Overview The Act has been designed to create a more flexible as well as responsive system for the planning of building programs in England and Wales, as is summarized as follows (uk-legislation, 2004): Provides for a streamlined, simpler and more flexible system at the local and regional level; provides for increased community involvement at the local and regional levels and includes the provision for financial assistance with respect to Planning Aid; Introduces powers for application forms that thus improve control over the developmental process as well as new provisions changing the length of time it takes for planning permissions. It also permits local planning authorities to bring up development rights in the local development orders; Introduces speed to the administrative handling of large infrastructure projects through the process of concurrent rather than consecutive hearings; Removes the immunity that the English Crown had in the planning process; Proves a system whereby the compulsory purchase plan is fairer, faster and easier to understand and work within on regeneration as well as major infrastructure projects. Part 1 and 2 of the Act Under these provisions of the Act a change in the way developmental plan making is conducted in the United Kingdom abolishes the cumbersome Compulsory Purchase system in the following manner(s) (uk-legislation, 2004): Under the new Act each region will have its own spatial strategy. In those instances where it is feasible as well as relevant, the existing regional planning guidance agency shall become the new regional spatial strategy unit. The regional spatial strategy units will be kept under review by the Regional Planning Bodies to monitor their implementation and as an oversight contingency. The Regional Planning Bodies must prepare a written draft of the revised Regional Spatial Strategy when such is expedient or required. The important manner of housing numbers and allocations will be arrived at in the foregoing level and where appropriate in sub-regional plans. The Regional Planning Bodies will take advice from county councils as well as other bodies that have expertise on strategic planning to aid in the planning of revisions of plans and drafts of the Regional Spatial Strategy agencies. The foregoing brings local and specialized expertise into the planning structure and provides monitoring of actions to ensure that the developed plans are in the best interests of all concerned. And most importantly, the public will be involved in the preparation of Regional Spatial Strategies. These changes from the Compulsory Purchase system spread out the planning expertise in a manner whereby there are cross checks and balances in the new system as well as expedient processing that is responsible to a higher level thus ensuring compliance. The multi faceted nature of the preceding has been streamlined into a system that processes planning rather than bogs it down and as a result removes the incidence of special interests steam rolling plans through given the public involvement as well as review by the Regional Planning Bodies. The Act does call for some changes in England that are not a part of the Wales plan with regard to the local plan regime below the Regional Spatial Strategy level. The following summarizes these modifications and changes (uk-legislation, 2004): The Local Planning Authorities will now prepare the Local Development Documents which will now replace all local plans, as well as unitary development and structure plans The Local Planning Authorities will now prepare as well as be responsible to maintain the local development scheme, and win the absence of a District Council, the County Councils shall prepare as well as maintain the mineral and waste development plans. The County Councils under this new arrangement will lose structure plans however they do participate in the preparation of the Local development Documents as well as related aspects other than comprising mineral or waste as a result of being part of a joint committee under the Local Planning Authorities. The Local Development Plans will be in conformity with the Regional Spatial Strategy, or with the RSS for London. Part 3 of the Act (uk-legislation, 2004) Under this provision, the definition of the development plan is updated and takes account of the modification and changes that are made to the planning system as a result of the Act. The foregoing includes the requirement whereby it is the duty of plan makers to perform their functions in consort with the overall objective of adding to the attainment and achievement of sustainable development. Part 4 of the Act This segment of the Act provides for a series of developmental control measures, one of which permits the Local Planning Authorities to introduce permitted development rights on a local level through local development orders. Development orders as well as regulations will be made by the Secretary of State through detailing the procedures entailed in making applications with respect to permission and consents. In addition, the Secretary of State will have the power to determine fees and charges along with the setting of timetables for what are termed ‘call-ins’ as well as ‘recovered appeals’. Part 4 also contains new provisions entailing the simplification of planning zones (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 5 of the Act This segment of the Act permits the Secretary of State as well as planning inspectors to make corrections concerning errors found in decision letters as well as in decision documents (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 6 of the Act Part 6 makes reforms to the Welsh development system plan (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 7 of the Act This part of the Act ends the Crown Immunity with respect to the planning system and contains a special provision concerning specific planning applications made by as well as on behalf of the Crown (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 8 of the Act The reform of the existing regime is contained in this part of the Act whereby it details the new plan to make it easier for Local Planning Authorities, the National Park authorities and joint planning boards to submit a case for Cop’s in terms of an economic, environmental or social benefit to the area in question. This segment of the Act also broadens the categories regarding individuals with an interest in the land who can bring forward objections. And finally, this part of the Act covers compensation and ownership issues (uk-legislation, 2004). Part 9 of the Act The last segment of the Act contains general issues. Given the sweeping nature of the Act, it is impossible to gauge the potential reaction to what still is in some aspects a work in progress. The preceding statement is made as a result of the amendment of some measures which occurred during the process of approving the original Act. These changes included retaining of the planning permissions as the development industry was not pleased with losing that aspect of control as well as the dropping of the Statements of Development Principles. The modifications also included strengthening the segments regarding sustainable development as a result of the view that saw the Act leaning too strongly in favor of landowners and developers. In addition, other changes included the amendment of provision concerning major infrastructure provisions whereby it is required to submit an economic impact report. The other major change was to allow for the inclusion of temporary stop notices and the provision to provide for appeals with respect to second no tices (uk-legislation, 2004). Conclusion The new legislation provides for more influence on the part of County Councils as a result of modifications contained in Part 4 as well as the regional public participation segment. The broader inclusion of the public in the process is likely to be received positively this segment, however since the Act was designed with developers and landowners in mind the question of whether the new system will effectively see to the broad mandates of the Deputy Prime Minister’s Sustainable Communities plan must be first put to the test of time. There is no question that a streamlined as well as modernized system was needed as well as required to overhaul the process that had been in place. The overall housing shortage situation has become a national priority and the Deputy Prime Minister’s Sustainable Communities plan is a long term legislation aimed at correcting the procedural as well as economic conditions which have led to the high prices housing segment and deterioration of inn er cities. There will undoubtedly be other modifications and changes to the Act as practical use uncovers minor shortcomings whereby certain aspects were unforeseen or accounted for. There already has been what can be termed reaction to the new legislation as evidenced by the preceding and the fact that the system is now more flexible as well as responsive helps to minimize potential dissatisfaction of any provisions as they can be amended when warranted. The inclusion of the foregoing minimizes the potential for any long term negative reaction as each segment with a stake in the process has a means to see modifications or potential modifications are heard. Bibliography Brand, Clive, M. 1968. Encyclopaedia of Compulsory Purchase and Compensation. Sweet Maxwell. ISBN: 0421007508 Chen, Wei. 2003. On the Law of War and Peace (De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Translation of the Latin works of Hugo Grotius. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/8098/ Cousion, John. 1910. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. J.M. Dent Sons, London, The United Kingdom English House Condition Survey. 2003. English House Condition Survey: Review of Survey Design. National Center for Social Research. London, The United Kingdom European Convention on Human Rights. 1950. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocol No. 11. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. 2005. The Communities Plan. http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1139868 Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. 2005. Sustainable Communities. http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1139865 Plannngsanity.com. 2003. Compulsory Purchase Forum. http://www.planningsanity.co.uk/forums/cp/compurch.htm Thepaperadvantage.com.2005 Allodial Title. http://www.paperadvantage.org/allodial.html Uklegislation.com. 2004. Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. http://www.uk-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/20040005.htm

How Weather Conditions Affect Health and Well-Being in Singapore Essay

How Weather Conditions Affects Health and Well-Being Singapore is an island lying north of the Equator. Because it lies in the tropics, it receives sufficient sunlight, has mostly uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity and abundant rainfall. Singapore’s climate can be categorized into two main monsoon seasons. During the Northeast Monsoon season, from December to early March, northeast winds prevail. It is cloudy with frequent afternoon rain in the early part of this season. From late March to May, winds and showers are present mostly during afternoon and early evening. The Southwest Monsoon season, from June to September, has more isolated showers in the late morning and early afternoon. From October to November, winds and breezes prevail, with showers and thunder in the late afternoon and early evening. The temperature in Singapore ranges from 31 deg C at maximum and 24 at minimum. The pressure fluctuates between 1012 and 1005hPa, average being 1009hPa. Relative humidity drops from the high 90’s in the early morning to 60% in the mid-afternoon. Average humidity is 84%. There is no distinct wet or dry season in Singapore. Maximum rainfall occurs in December and April while drier months include February and July. Sunlight is also present as Singapore lies near the Equator. Some health conditions can be affected by weather conditions such as pregnancy, arthritis, Fibromyalgia Syndrome, fatigue, muscle pain, migraines, sinus headaches, multiple Sclerosis, loss of coordination or balance and Raynaud's phenomenon, where blood flow to fingers are disrupted and asthma. During pregnancy, weather conditions like temperature and humidity changes lead to fluctuation in barometric pressure. This is dangerous as a sudden... ...one on how tropical weather affects health as little data could be found online. There should also be more research done on how warmer weather can affect health and well-being. Pregnant people may be affected by sudden changes in barometric pressure. As a sudden drop of air pressure outside equals an increase of air pressure inside, the pressure increase can trigger labour. Hence hospitals should stabilize the air pressure to prevent this. Due to the change in time zone of Singapore, natural circadian rhythms are affected and people may feel energetic in the late night and lethargic during the early morning. This is because the time zone is not synchronized with the natural time as Singapore’s time zone was synchronized with Beijing. This moved time forward and thus affected the natural circadian rhythm. Hence time should be shifted back to its original state.